.gitignore

 *.html
 .DS_Store
 .Rproj.user
+
+/.quarto/
+/_book/
+*_cache/
+

.gitlab-ci.yml

-# This file is a template, and might need editing before it works on your project.
-# Full project: https://gitlab.com/pages/plain-html
-
 pages:
   stage: deploy
-  image: carinerey/r_for_beginners
+  image: rocker/tidyverse
   script:
-    - mkdir -p public/
-    - cp -R img public/
-    - make
+    - apt update && apt install -y libxt6
+    - quarto -v
+    - |
+      quarto render
+      mkdir public
+      cp -r _book/* public/
+  interruptible: true
   artifacts:
     paths:
       - public

10_network_and_ssh.Rmd

 ---
 title: SSH
 author: "Laurent Modolo"
-output:
-  rmdformats::downcute:
-    self_contain: true
-    use_bookdown: true
-    default_style: "light"
-    lightbox: true
-    css: "./www/style_Rmd.css"
 ---
 
 ```{r include = FALSE}
-
 if (!require("fontawesome")) {
   install.packages("fontawesome")
 }
-if (!require("klippy")) {
-  install.packages("remotes")
-  remotes::install_github("rlesur/klippy")
-}
 library(fontawesome)
 knitr::opts_chunk$set(echo = TRUE)
 knitr::opts_chunk$set(comment = NA)
-klippy::klippy(
-  position = c("top", "right"),
-  color = "white",
-  tooltip_message = "Click to copy",
-  tooltip_success = "Copied !"
-)
 ```
 
-[![cc_by_sa](./img/cc_by_sa.png)](http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/)
+<a rel="license" href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/">
+<img alt="Creative Commons License" style="border-width:0" src="https://i.creativecommons.org/l/by-sa/4.0/88x31.png" />
+</a>
 
 Objective: Learn basics of ssh connection in GNU/Linux
 
@@ -38,11 +22,11 @@ In the previous section, we have seen how to run scripts and complex commands on
 
 Most of the content from this session are from [wikipedia.org](https://wikipedia.org)
 
-# Network
+## Network
 
 First before talking about how to communicate over a network, we need to define what is a network in computational science. We can distinguish between two types of network, **circuit switching** networks and **packet switching** networks.
 
-## circuit switching
+### circuit switching
 
 Circuit switching is the historical telephonic network architecture. When device A wants to communicate with device B, it has to establish a connection over the network. In a circuit switching network, the connections between a chain of nodes (hopefully the shortest chain) are established and fixed. Device A connects to the closest node and ask connection to Device B, this node will do the same thing to the closest node to Device B, so on and so forth until the connection reach Device B.
 
@@ -50,7 +34,7 @@ If you try to call someone, who is already in a phone conversation, the line wil
 
 ![http://www.tcpipguide.com/free/diagrams/funcircuitswitching.png](./img/funcircuitswitching.png)
 
-## packet switching
+### packet switching
 
 Packet switching is a method of grouping data over the network into packets. Each packet has a header and a payload. The header data can be read by each node to direct the packet to its destination. The header data also inform the Host 2 of the packets order. The payload contains the data that we want to transmit over the network. In packet switching, the network bandwidth is not pre-allocated like in circuit switching. Each packet is called a datagram.
 
@@ -60,7 +44,7 @@ Packet switching is a method of grouping data over the network into packets. Eac
 
 In a packet switching network when you send a flux of data (video, sound, etc.), you have the illusion of continuity like for process switching handled by the scheduler.
 
-# **Internet Protocol** (IP)
+## **Internet Protocol** (IP)
 
 > The **Internet Protocol** (**IP**) is the principal [communications protocol](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communications_protocol) in the [Internet protocol suite](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_protocol_suite) for relaying [datagrams](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Datagram) across network boundaries. Its [routing](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Routing) function enables [internetworking](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internetworking), and essentially establishes the [Internet](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet).
 
@@ -68,7 +52,7 @@ IP has the task of delivering [packets](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Packet_(in
 
 The first major version of IP, [Internet Protocol Version 4](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPv4) (IPv4), is the dominant protocol of the Internet. Its successor is [Internet Protocol Version 6](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPv6) (IPv6), which has been in increasing [deployment](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPv6_deployment) on the public Internet since c. 2006.
 
-## IPv4
+### IPv4
 
 An **IPv4** is composed of 4 digits ranging from 0 to 255 separated by `.` , which gives an address space of 4294967296 (2^32) addresses. Some combinations of **IPv4** are restricted:
 
@@ -91,7 +75,7 @@ An **IPv4** is composed of 4 digits ranging from 0 to 255 separated by `.` , whi
 | 240.0.0.0/4        | 240.0.0.0–255.255.255.254   | 268435455           | Internet        | Reserved for future use.[[15\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPv4#cite_note-rfc3232-15) (Former Class E network). |
 | 255.255.255.255/32 | 255.255.255.255             | 1                   | Subnet          | Reserved for the "limited [broadcast](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broadcast_address)" destination address.[[6\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPv4#cite_note-rfc6890-6)[[16\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPv4#cite_note-rfc919-16) |
 
-## IPv6
+### IPv6
 
 An **IPv6** is composed of 8 groups of 4 digits long number separated by `:`.
 The numbers are in hexadecimal format (number of base 16, randing from 0 to 9 and A to F).
@@ -104,13 +88,13 @@ To display your VM IP addresses you can use the following command: `ip address s
 
 Local **IPv6** addresses start with **fe80::**
 
-## **Domain Name System** (**DNS**)
+### **Domain Name System** (**DNS**)
 
 Instead of using IP addresses in your everyday life, you often use the domain name. The DNS is composed of many DNS servers that are hierarchically organized and decentralized. By querying the DNS with a particular domain name, the correct name server will return the corresponding IP address. For most network tools, you can use domain names (URL) or IP addresses.
 
 ![dns resolver](./img/dns_resolver.svg)
 
-## Transmission Control Protocol (**TCP**)
+### Transmission Control Protocol (**TCP**)
 
 The **Transmission Control Protocol** (**TCP**) is one of the main [protocols](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communications_protocol) of the [Internet protocol suite](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_protocol_suite). TCP provide, reliable, ordered, and error-checked delivery of a stream of data between applications running on hosts communicating over an IP network.
 
@@ -121,7 +105,7 @@ The **Transmission Control Protocol** (**TCP**) is one of the main [protocols](h
 - includes traffic congestion control
 - Heavyweight (loots of checks)
 
-## **User Datagram Protocol** (**UDP**)
+### **User Datagram Protocol** (**UDP**)
 
 UDP uses a simple [connectionless communication](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Connectionless_communication) model with a minimum of protocol mechanisms.
 
@@ -131,7 +115,7 @@ UDP uses a simple [connectionless communication](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C
 - Multicast (a single datagram packet can be automatically routed without duplication to a group of subscribers)
 - Lightweight (no ordering of messages, no tracking connections, etc. It is a very simple transport layer designed on top of IP)
 
-## Port
+### Port
 
 Higher, communication protocols like TCP and UDP, also define **port**. A **port** is a communication endpoint. When software wants to communicate overt TCP or UDP it will do so using a specific **port**. Each system has **port** numbers ranging from **0** to **65535**. **Port** numbered from **0** through **1023** are system **ports** used by well-known processes (you need specific rights to use them).
 
@@ -157,7 +141,7 @@ Here is a list of notable port numbers:
 
 Nowadays, **ports** provide multiplexing, which means that multiple service or communication session can use the same **port** number.
 
-# SSH
+## SSH
 
 There are numerous other protocols ([RTP](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Real-time_Transport_Protocol) for example). But most of them run over the **TCP** and **UDP** protocols. **SSH** or **Secure Shell** is one of them. **SSH** is a [cryptographic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cryptography) [network protocol](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Network_protocol) for operating network services securely over an unsecured network.
 
@@ -175,25 +159,25 @@ ps -el | grep "ssh"
 
 SSH uses [Public-key cryptography (or asymmetric cryptography](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public-key_cryptography)), to secure its communications.
 
-##  Public-key cryptography
+###  Public-key cryptography
 
 [Public-key cryptography (or asymmetric cryptography](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public-key_cryptography)), is a cryptographic system which uses pairs of [keys](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cryptographic_key): *public keys* (which may be known to others), and *private keys* (which may never be known by any except the owner).
 
 A cryptographic algorithm is used to generate a pair of *public* and *private* keys from a large random number. Then, the 3 following scheme can be used to secure communication:
 
-## Communicate with the server
+### Communicate with the server
 
 The server sent a public key to the client on the first connection.
 
 ![public_key_encryption](./img/public_key_encryption.png)
 
-## Share a secret
+### Share a secret
 
 Can be used to share public keys (see [Diffie-Hellman)](https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89change_de_cl%C3%A9s_Diffie-Hellman).
 
 ![public_key_shared_secret](./img/public_key_shared_secret.png)
 
-## Authentification
+### Authentification
 
 - The server sends a random string of characters to the client
 - The client crypt the random string and send it back to the server
@@ -201,7 +185,7 @@ Can be used to share public keys (see [Diffie-Hellman)](https://fr.wikipedia.org
 
 ![private_key_signing](./img/private_key_signing.png)
 
-# SSH Server
+## SSH Server
 
 By default, on the IFB, password authentication is disabled to enforce the use of public key based authentication. To learn `ssh` command we are going to enable this option on your VMs. Find the`sshd` configuration file and open it with the editor of your choice.
 
@@ -259,7 +243,7 @@ sudo passwd student
 
 Give the password and your IP to another member of your choice (`ip address show`).
 
-# SSH client
+## SSH client
 
 To connect of an SSH server you can use the following command:
 
@@ -277,7 +261,7 @@ Check the content of the `~/.ssh/` folder, where is saved the server public key
 
 Congratualtion you are connected on a VM through another VM !
 
-## Key authentication 
+### Key authentication 
 
 Every time, that you want to connect to the ssh server, you have to type your account password, this password is encrypted and send over the network. Instead you can use a pair of private and public key to authenticate yourself.
 
@@ -315,11 +299,11 @@ ssh login@IP_adress -i ~/.ssh/id_ed25519_otherVM
 
 Congratulations, you authenticated yourself on a remote server without sending your password over the network !
 
-# SSH based tools
+## SSH based tools
 
 Sometime, you want to do other things than executing commands on a remove computer. For example, you may want to transfer files over the network.
 
-## scp
+### scp
 
 The `scp` command comes with the `ssh` client installation you can use it to transfer files from your computer to the ssh sever:
 
@@ -337,7 +321,7 @@ scp login@IP_adress:remote/path local/path
 
 To transfer directory you can use the `-r` witch
 
-## rsync
+### rsync
 
 `scp` is a basic command for file transfer. If you want advanced process bar and file integrity checking, you can use the `rsync` command instead.
 
@@ -349,13 +333,13 @@ rsync -auv local/path login@IP_adress:remote/path
 
 Will only transfer files from `local/path` not already present in `remote/path`. The `-c` switch will compute a checksum of the file locally and remotely to be certain that they are identical.
 
-## sshfs
+### sshfs
 
 You can use the `sshfs` command to mount a remote folder over ssh on your computer.
 
-# SSH tips
+## SSH tips
 
-## IFB authentication
+### IFB authentication
 
 The default authentication method for the IFB uses keys generated with the `rsa` algorithm
 
@@ -369,7 +353,7 @@ Instead of using the `ssh-copy-id` command, you are going to copy paste your pub
 
 You can now use the [RainBio catalogue](https://biosphere.france-bioinformatique.fr/catalogue/) to launch any available VMs and connect to is with SSH from your current VM.
 
-## SSH configuration
+### SSH configuration
 
 Long ssh command can be tedious to use. This is why we are now going to explore the last file in the `.ssh` folder: `.ssh/config`.
 

11_install_system_programs.Rmd

 ---
 title: Install system programs
 author: "Laurent Modolo"
-output:
-  rmdformats::downcute:
-    self_contain: true
-    use_bookdown: true
-    default_style: "light"
-    lightbox: true
-    css: "./www/style_Rmd.css"
 ---
 
 ```{r include = FALSE}
-
 if (!require("fontawesome")) {
   install.packages("fontawesome")
 }
-if (!require("klippy")) {
-  install.packages("remotes")
-  remotes::install_github("rlesur/klippy")
-}
 library(fontawesome)
 knitr::opts_chunk$set(echo = TRUE)
 knitr::opts_chunk$set(comment = NA)
-klippy::klippy(
-  position = c('top', 'right'),
-  color = "white",
-  tooltip_message = 'Click to copy',
-  tooltip_success = 'Copied !')
-
 ```
 
-[![cc_by_sa](./img/cc_by_sa.png)](http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/)
+<a rel="license" href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/">
+<img alt="Creative Commons License" style="border-width:0" src="https://i.creativecommons.org/l/by-sa/4.0/88x31.png" />
+</a>
 
 Objective: Learn how to install programs in GNU/Linux
 
@@ -38,7 +22,7 @@ As we have seen in the [4 Unix file system](http://perso.ens-lyon.fr/laurent.mod
 
 Developers don’t want to reinvent the wheel each time they want to write complex instruction in their programs, this is why they use shared library of pre-written complex instruction. This allows for quicker development, fewer bugs (we only have to debug the library once and use it many times), and also [better memory management](http://perso.ens-lyon.fr/laurent.modolo/unix/6_unix_processes.html#processes-tree) (we only load the library once and it can be used by different programs).
 
-# Package Manager
+## Package Manager
 
 However, interdependencies between programs and libraries can be a nightmare to handle manually this is why most of the time when you install a program you will use a [package manager](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Package_manager). [Package managers](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Package_manager) are system tools that will handle automatically all the dependencies of a program. They rely on **repositories** of programs and library which contains all the information about the trees of dependence and the corresponding files (**packages**).
 
@@ -69,7 +53,7 @@ docker run -it --volume /:/root/chroot alpine sh -c "chroot /root/chroot /bin/ba
 </p>
 </details>
 
-## Installing R
+### Installing R
 
 **R** is a complex program that relies on loots of dependencies. Your current VM run on Ubuntu, so we are going to use the `apt` tool (`apt-get` is the older version of the `apt` command, `synaptic` is a graphical interface for `apt-get`).
 
@@ -87,7 +71,7 @@ sudo apt install r-base-core
 
 What is the **R** version that you installed ? Is there a newer version of **R** ?
 
-## Adding a new repository
+### Adding a new repository
 
 You can check the list of repositories that `apt` checks in the file `/etc/apt/sources.list`.
 
@@ -105,7 +89,7 @@ Then you must add the public key of this repository:
 sudo apt-key adv --keyserver keyserver.ubuntu.com --recv-keys E298A3A825C0D65DFD57CBB651716619E084DAB9
 ```
 
-## Updating the repository list
+### Updating the repository list
 
 You can now use `apt` to update your repository list dans try to reinstall  **r-base-core**
 
@@ -141,7 +125,7 @@ sudo apt search linux-image
 
 
 
-## Language specific package manager
+### Language specific package manager
 
 If it’s not a good idea to have different **package manager** on the same system (they don’t know how the dependencies are handled by the other’s manager). You will also encounter language specific package manager:
 
@@ -168,7 +152,7 @@ Next-time use `pip` with the `--user` switch.
 
 
 
-# Manual installation
+## Manual installation
 
 Sometimes, a specific tool that you want to use will not be available through a **package manager**. If you are lucky, you will find a **package** for your distribution. For `apt` the **package** are `.deb` files.
 
@@ -184,7 +168,7 @@ wget https://github.com/Automattic/simplenote-electron/releases/download/v2.7.0/
 
 You can then use `apt` to install this file.
 
-# From sources
+## From sources
 
 If the program is open source, you can also [download the sources](https://github.com/Automattic/simplenote-electron/archive/v2.7.0.tar.gz) and build them.
 

12_virtualization.Rmd

 ---
 title: Virtualization
 author: "Laurent Modolo"
-output:
-  rmdformats::downcute:
-    self_contain: true
-    use_bookdown: true
-    default_style: "light"
-    lightbox: true
-    css: "./www/style_Rmd.css"
 ---
 
 ```{r include = FALSE}
-
 if (!require("fontawesome")) {
   install.packages("fontawesome")
 }
-if (!require("klippy")) {
-  install.packages("remotes")
-  remotes::install_github("rlesur/klippy")
-}
 library(fontawesome)
 knitr::opts_chunk$set(echo = TRUE)
 knitr::opts_chunk$set(comment = NA)
-klippy::klippy(
-  position = c('top', 'right'),
-  color = "white",
-  tooltip_message = 'Click to copy',
-  tooltip_success = 'Copied !')
-
 ```
 
-[![cc_by_sa](./img/cc_by_sa.png)](http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/)
+<a rel="license" href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/">
+<img alt="Creative Commons License" style="border-width:0" src="https://i.creativecommons.org/l/by-sa/4.0/88x31.png" />
+</a>
 
 Objective: Learn how to build virtual images or container of a system
 
@@ -46,21 +30,21 @@ To avoid the overhead of simulating every component of the **guest** system, whi
 
 There are different levels of virtualisation which correspond to different levels of isolation between the virtual machine (**guest**) and the real computer (**host**). 
 
-# Full virtualization
+## Full virtualization
 
 A key challenge for full virtualization is the interception and  simulation of privileged operations, such as I/O instructions. The  effects of every operation performed within a given virtual machine must be kept within that virtual machine – virtual operation cannot be  allowed to alter the state of any other virtual machine, the control  program, or the hardware. Some machine instructions can be executed  directly by the hardware, since their effects are entirely contained  within the elements managed by the control program, such as memory  locations and arithmetic registers. But other instructions that would  "pierce the virtual machine" cannot be allowed to execute directly; they must instead be trapped and simulated. Such instructions either access  or affect state information that is outside the virtual machine.
 
-# Paravirtualization
+## Paravirtualization
 
 In paravitualization, the virtual hardware of the **guest** system is similar to the hardware of the **host**. The goal is to reduce the portion of the **guest** execution time spent to simulate hardware which is the same as the **host** hardware. The paravirtualization provides specially defined **hooks** to allow the  **guest** and **host** to request and acknowledge these tasks, which would  otherwise be executed in the virtual domain (where execution performance is worse).
 
 A hypervisor provides the virtualization of the underlying computer system. In [full virtualization](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Full_virtualization), a guest operating system runs unmodified on a hypervisor. However,  improved performance and efficiency is achieved by having the guest  operating system communicate with the hypervisor. By allowing the guest  operating system to indicate its intent to the hypervisor, each can  cooperate to obtain better performance when running in a virtual  machine. This type of communication is referred to as  paravirtualization.
 
-# OS-level virtualization
+## OS-level virtualization
 
 **OS-level virtualization** is an [operating system](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operating_system) paradigm in which the [kernel](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kernel_(computer_science)) allows the existence of multiple isolated [user space](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_space) instances. Such instances, called **containers** may look like real computers from the point of view of programs running in them. Programs running inside a container can only see the container's contents and devices assigned to the container.
 
-# VirtualBox
+## VirtualBox
 
 VirtualBox is own by oracle, you can add the following repository to get the last version:
 
@@ -130,7 +114,7 @@ VBoxManage startvm Ubuntu20.04
 
 Why did this last command fail ? Which kind of virtualisation VirtualBox is using ?
 
-# Docker
+## Docker
 
 Docker is an **OS-level virtualization** system where the virtualization is managed by the `docker` daemon.
 
@@ -194,7 +178,7 @@ docker rmi rocker/rstudio:3.2.0
 
 Try to run the `mcr.microsoft.com/windows/servercore:ltsc2019` container, what is happening ?
 
-## Building your own container
+### Building your own container
 
 You can also create your own container by writing a container recipe. For Docker this file is named `Dockerfile`
 
@@ -226,7 +210,7 @@ docker build ./ -t 'ubuntu_with_htop'
 
 
 
-# Singularity
+## Singularity
 
 Like Docker, Singularity is an **OS-level virtualization**. This main difference with docker is that the user is the same within and outside a container. Singularity is available on the [neuro.debian.net](http://neuro.debian.net/install_pkg.html?p=singularity-container) repository, you can add this source with the following commands:
 

1_understanding_a_computer.Rmd

 ---
 title: Understanding a computer
 author: "Laurent Modolo"
-output:
-  rmdformats::downcute:
-    self_contain: true
-    use_bookdown: true
-    default_style: "light"
-    lightbox: true
-    css: "./www/style_Rmd.css"
 ---
 
 ```{r include = FALSE}
-
 if (!require("fontawesome")) {
   install.packages("fontawesome")
 }
-if (!require("klippy")) {
-  install.packages("remotes")
-  remotes::install_github("rlesur/klippy")
-}
 library(fontawesome)
 knitr::opts_chunk$set(echo = TRUE)
 knitr::opts_chunk$set(comment = NA)
-klippy::klippy(
-  position = c('top', 'right'),
-  color = "white",
-  tooltip_message = 'Click to copy',
-  tooltip_success = 'Copied !')
-
 ```
 
 <a rel="license" href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/">
@@ -36,48 +18,48 @@ klippy::klippy(
 
 Objective: understand the relations between the different components of a computer
 
-# Which parts are necessary to define a computer ?
+## Which parts are necessary to define a computer ?
 
-# Computer components
+## Computer components
 
-## CPU (Central Processing Unit)
+### CPU (Central Processing Unit)
 
 ![CPU](./img/amd-ryzen-7-1700-cpu-inhand1-2-1500x1000.jpg){width=100%}
 
-## Memory
+### Memory
 
-### RAM (Random Access Memory)
+#### RAM (Random Access Memory)
 
 ![RAM](./img/ram.png){width=100%}
 
-### HDD (Hard Disk Drive) / SSD (Solid-State Drive)
+#### HDD (Hard Disk Drive) / SSD (Solid-State Drive)
 
 ![HDD](./img/SSD.jpeg){width=100%}
 ![SSD](./img/hdd.png){width=100%}
 
-## Motherboard
+### Motherboard
 
 ![motherboard](./img/motherboard.jpg){width=100%}
 
-## GPU (Graphical Processing Unit)
+### GPU (Graphical Processing Unit)
 
 ![GPU](./img/foundation-100046736-orig.jpg){width=100%}
 
-## Alimentation
+### Alimentation
 
 ![Alim](./img/LD0003357907_2.jpg){width=100%}
 
 ---
 
-# Computer model: universal Turing machine
+## Computer model: universal Turing machine
 
 ![width:20% height:20%](./img/lego_turing_machine.jpg){width=100%}
 
 ---
 
-# As simple as a Turing machine ?
+## As simple as a Turing machine ?
 
-![universal_truing_machine](./img/universal_truing_machine.png){width=100%}
+![Universal Truing Machine](./img/universal_truing_machine.png){width=100%}
 
 - A tape divided into cells, one next to the other. Each cell contains a symbol from some finite alphabet.
 - A head that can read and write symbols on the tape and move the tape left and right one (and only one) cell at a time.
@@ -86,7 +68,7 @@ Objective: understand the relations between the different components of a comput
 
 ---
 
-# Basic Input Output System (BIOS)
+## Basic Input Output System (BIOS)
 
 > Used to perform hardware initialization during the booting process (power-on startup), and to provide runtime services for operating systems and programs.
 
@@ -96,7 +78,7 @@ Objective: understand the relations between the different components of a comput
 
 ---
 
-# Unified Extensible Firmware Interface (UEFI)
+## Unified Extensible Firmware Interface (UEFI)
 
 Advantages:
 
@@ -113,22 +95,22 @@ Disadvantages:
 
 ---
 
-# Operating System (OS)
+## Operating System (OS)
 
 > A system software that manages computer hardware, software resources, and provides common services for computer programs.
 
 - The first thing loaded by the BIOS/UEFI
 - The first thing on the tape of a Turing machine
 
-## Kernel
+### Kernel
 
 > The kernel provides the most basic level of control over all of the computer's hardware devices. It manages memory access for programs in the RAM, it determines which programs get access to which hardware resources, it sets up or resets the CPU's operating states for optimal operation at all times, and it organizes the data for long-term non-volatile storage with file systems on such media as disks, tapes, flash memory, etc.
 
-[Kernel](./img/220px-Kernel_Layout.svg.png){width=100%}
+![Kernel](./img/220px-Kernel_Layout.svg.png){width=100%}
 
 ---
 
-# UNIX
+## UNIX
 
 > Unix is a family of multitasking, multiuser computer operating systems that derive from the original AT&T Unix,
 
@@ -142,7 +124,7 @@ The ones you are likely to encounter:
 
 The philosophy of UNIX is to have a large number of small software which do few things but to them well.
 
-# GNU/Linux
+## GNU/Linux
 
 Linux is the name of the kernel which software, to get a full OS, Linux is part of the [GNU Project](https://www.gnu.org/).
 

2_using_the_ifb_cloud.Rmd

 ---
 title: IFB (Institut Français de bio-informatique) Cloud
 author: "Laurent Modolo"
-output:
-  rmdformats::downcute:
-    self_contain: true
-    use_bookdown: true
-    default_style: "light"
-    lightbox: true
-    css: "./www/style_Rmd.css"
 ---
 
 ```{r include = FALSE}
-
 if (!require("fontawesome")) {
   install.packages("fontawesome")
 }
-if (!require("klippy")) {
-  install.packages("remotes")
-  remotes::install_github("rlesur/klippy")
-}
 library(fontawesome)
 knitr::opts_chunk$set(echo = TRUE)
 knitr::opts_chunk$set(comment = NA)
-klippy::klippy(
-  position = c('top', 'right'),
-  color = "white",
-  tooltip_message = 'Click to copy',
-  tooltip_success = 'Copied !')
-
 ```
 
 <a rel="license" href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/">
 <img alt="Creative Commons License" style="border-width:0" src="https://i.creativecommons.org/l/by-sa/4.0/88x31.png" />
 </a>
 
-[![cc_by_sa](./img/cc_by_sa.png)](http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/)
-
 Objective: Start and connect to an appliance on the IFB cloud
 
 Instead of working on your computer where you don't have an Unix-like OS or have limited right, we are going to use the [IFB (Institut Français de bio-informatique) Cloud]( https://biosphere.france-bioinformatique.fr/).
 
-# Creating an IFB account
+## Creating an IFB account
 
 1. Access the [**https://biosphere.france-bioinformatique.fr/**](https://biosphere.france-bioinformatique.fr/) website
-
-2. On the top right (First) steps with GNU/Linux
-
-   Instead of working on your computer where you don't have an Unix-like OS or have limited right, we are going to use the [IFB (Institut Français de bio-informatique) Cloud]( https://biosphere.france-bioinformatique.fr/). For this you will need:
-
-   1. Access the [**https://biosphere.france-bioinformatique.fr/**](https://biosphere.france-bioinformatique.fr/) website
    2. On the top right of the screen click on <img src="./img/signin_ifb.png" alt="sign in" style="zoom:150%;" />
    3. Then click on ![login](./img/login_ifb.png)
    4. Use the **Incremental search field** to select your identity provider (CNRS / ENS de Lyon / etc.)
    5. Login
    6. Complete the form with your **Name**, **First Name**, **Town** and **Zip Code**. You can ignore the other field and click on **accept**.
    7. Go to your **Groups** parameters on the top right ![group_selection_ifb](./img/group_selection_ifb.png)
-   8. Click on ![join_a_group](./img/join_a_group.png) and type **LBMC Unix 2022**
+   8. Click on ![join_a_group](./img/join_a_group.png) and type **CAN UNIX 2023**
    9. You can click on the **+** sign to register and wait to be accepted in the group
 
-# Starting the LBMC Unix 2022 appliance
+## Starting the LBMC Unix 2022 appliance
 
 To follow this practical you will need to start the **[LBMC Unix 2022](https://biosphere.france-bioinformatique.fr/catalogue/appliance/177/)** appliance from the [IFB Cloud](https://biosphere.france-bioinformatique.fr/) and click on the ![start](./img/start_VM.png) button after login with your account.
 
@@ -82,7 +56,7 @@ You will need to start this appliance at the start of each session of this cours
 
 The ![hourglass](./img/wait_my_appliances_ifb.png) symbol indicates that your appliance is starting.
 
-# Accessing the LBMC Unix 2022
+## Accessing the LBMC Unix 2022
 
 You can open the **https** link next to the termination button of your appliance in a new tab. You will have the following message
 

3_first_steps_in_a_terminal.Rmd

 ---
 title: First step in a terminal
 author: "Laurent Modolo"
-output:
-  rmdformats::downcute:
-    self_contain: true
-    use_bookdown: true
-    default_style: "light"
-    lightbox: true
-    css: "./www/style_Rmd.css"
 ---
 
 ```{r include = FALSE}
-
 if (!require("fontawesome")) {
   install.packages("fontawesome")
 }
-if (!require("klippy")) {
-  install.packages("remotes")
-  remotes::install_github("rlesur/klippy")
-}
 library(fontawesome)
 knitr::opts_chunk$set(echo = TRUE)
 knitr::opts_chunk$set(comment = NA)
-klippy::klippy(
-  position = c("top", "right"),
-  color = "white",
-  tooltip_message = "Click to copy",
-  tooltip_success = "Copied !"
-)
 ```
 
 <a rel="license" href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/">
 <img alt="Creative Commons License" style="border-width:0" src="https://i.creativecommons.org/l/by-sa/4.0/88x31.png" />
 </a>
 
-
-[![cc_by_sa](./img/cc_by_sa.png)](http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/)
-
 Objective: learn to use basic terminal command
 
 Congratulations you are now connected on your VM !
@@ -49,34 +28,35 @@ What is the distribution installed on your VM ?
 
 You can go to this distribution website and have a look at the list of firms using it.
 
-# Shell
+## Shell
 
 A command-line interpreter (or shell), is a software designed to read lines of text entered by a user to interact with an OS.
 
 To simplify the shell executes the following infinite loop:
+
 1. read a line
 2. translate this line as a program execution with its parameters
 3. launch the corresponding program with the parameters
 3. wait for the program to finish
 4. Go back to 1.
 
-When you open a terminal on an Unix-like OS, you will have a **prompt** displayed: it can end with a **$** or a **%** character depending on your configuration. As long as you see your prompt, it means that you are in step **1.**, if no prompt is visible, you are in step **4.** or you have set up a very minimalist configuration for your shell.
+When you open a terminal on an Unix-like OS, you will have a **prompt** displayed: it can end with a `$` or a `%` character depending on your configuration. As long as you see your prompt, it means that you are in step **1.**, if no prompt is visible, you are in step **4.** or you have set up a very minimalist configuration for your shell.
 
 <img src="./img/prompt.png" alt="prompt" style="zoom:150%;" />
 
-The blinking square or vertical bar represents your **cursor**. Shell predates graphical interfaces, so most of the time you won’t be able to move this cursor with your mouse, but with the directional arrows (left and right).
+The blinking square or vertical bar represents your **cursor**. Shell predates graphical interfaces, so most of the time you won’t be able to move this cursor with your mouse, but with the **directional arrows** (left and right).
 
-On the IFB, your prompt is a **$**
+On the IFB, your prompt is a `$`:
 
 ```sh
 etudiant@VM:~$
 ```
 
-You can identify the following information from your prompt: **etudiant** is your login and **VM** is the name of your VM (**~** is where you are on the computer, but we will come back to that later).
+You can identify the following information from your prompt: **etudiant** is your login and **VM** is the name of your VM (`~` is where you are on the computer, i.e. the current working directory, but we will come back to that later).
 
 On Ubuntu 20.04, the default shell is [Bash](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bash_(Unix_shell)) while on recent version of macOS it’s [zsh](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Z_shell). There are [many different shell](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_command-line_interpreters), for example, Ubuntu 20.04 also has [sh](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bourne_shell) installed.
 
-# Launching Programs
+## Launching Programs
 
 You can launch every program present on your computer from the shell. The syntax will always be the following:
 
@@ -126,7 +106,7 @@ cal 2 1999
 
 What is the difference for the parameter value `2` in the first and third command ?
 
-# Moving around
+## Moving around
 
 For the `cal` program, the position in the file system is not important (it’s not going to change the calendar). However, for most tools that are able to read or write files, it’s important to know where you are. This is the first real difficulty with command line interface: you need to remember where you are.
 

4_unix_file_system.Rmd

 ---
 title: GNU/Linux file system
 author: "Laurent Modolo"
-output:
-  rmdformats::downcute:
-    self_contain: true
-    use_bookdown: true
-    default_style: "light"
-    lightbox: true
-    css: "./www/style_Rmd.css"
 ---
 
 ```{r include = FALSE}
-
 if (!require("fontawesome")) {
   install.packages("fontawesome")
 }
-if (!require("klippy")) {
-  install.packages("remotes")
-  remotes::install_github("rlesur/klippy")
-}
 library(fontawesome)
 knitr::opts_chunk$set(echo = TRUE)
 knitr::opts_chunk$set(comment = NA)
-klippy::klippy(
-  position = c("top", "right"),
-  color = "white",
-  tooltip_message = "Click to copy",
-  tooltip_success = "Copied !"
-)
 ```
 
 <a rel="license" href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/">
 <img alt="Creative Commons License" style="border-width:0" src="https://i.creativecommons.org/l/by-sa/4.0/88x31.png" />
 </a>
 
-[![cc_by_sa](./img/cc_by_sa.png)](http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/)
-
 Objective: Understand how files are organized in Unix
 
 > On a UNIX system, everything is a file ; if something is not a file, it is a process.
@@ -60,7 +40,7 @@ Every file can be accessed by an **absolute path** starting at the root. Your us
 
 We can also access files with a **relative path**, using the special folder `..`. From your home folder, go to the *ubuntu*  user home folder without passing by the root (we will see use of the  `.` folder later).
 
-# File Types
+## File Types
 
 As you may have guessed, every file type is not the same. We have already seen that common file and folder are different. Here is the list of file types:
 
@@ -80,25 +60,25 @@ ls -la
 
 The first column will tell you the type of the file (here we have only the type `-` and `d`). We will come back on the other information later. Another less used command to get fine technical information on a file is the command `stat [file_name]`. Can you get the same information as `ls -la` with `stat` ?
 
-# Common Structure
+## Common Structure
 
 From the root of the system (`/`), most of the Unix-like distribution will share the same folder tree structure. On macOS, the names will be different because when you sell the most advanced system in the world you need to rename things, with more advanced names.
 
-## `/home`
+### `/home`
 
 You already know this one. You will find all your file and your configuration files here. Which configuration file can you identify in your home ?
 
-## `/boot`
+### `/boot`
 
 You can find the Linux kernel and the boot manager there. What is the name of your boot manager (process by elimination) ?
 
 You can see a new type of file here, the type `l`. What it the version of the **vmlinuz** kernel ?
 
-## `/root`
+### `/root`
 
 The home directory of the super user, also called root (we will go back on him later). Can you check its configuration file ?
 
-## `/bin`, `/sbin`, `/usr/bin` and `/opt`
+### `/bin`, `/sbin`, `/usr/bin` and `/opt`
 
 The folder containing the programs used by the system and its users. Programs are simple file readable by a computer, these files are often in **bin**ary format which means that it’s extremely difficult for a human to read them.
 
@@ -108,7 +88,7 @@ What is the difference between `/bin` and `/usr/bin` ?
 
 `/opt` is where you will find the installation of non-conventional programs (if you don’t follow [the guide of good practice of the LBMC](http://www.ens-lyon.fr/LBMC/intranet/services-communs/pole-bioinformatique/ressources/good_practice_LBMC), you can put your bioinformatics tools with crapy installation procedure there).
 
-## `/lib` and `/usr/lib`
+### `/lib` and `/usr/lib`
 
 Those folder contains system libraries. Libraries are a collection of pieces of codes usable by programs.
 
@@ -116,11 +96,11 @@ What is the difference between `/lib` and `/usr/lib`.
 
 Search information on the `/lib/gnupg` library on the net.
 
-## `/etc`
+### `/etc`
 
 The place where system configuration file and default configuration file are. What is the name of the default configuration file for `bash` ?
 
-## `/dev`
+### `/dev`
 
 Contains every peripheric
 
@@ -132,7 +112,7 @@ Using `less` can you visualize the content of the file `urandom` ? What about th
 
 What is the content of `/dev/null`?
 
-## `/var`
+### `/var`
 
 Storage space for variables and temporary files, like system logs, locks, or file waiting to be printed...
 
@@ -150,11 +130,11 @@ What is the type of the file `autofs.fifo-var-autofs-ifb` in the `run` folder ?
 
 There are few examples of the last type of file in the `run` folder, in which color the command `ls -l` color them ?
 
-## `/tmp`
+### `/tmp`
 
 Temporary space. **Erased at each shutdown of the system !**
 
-## `/proc`
+### `/proc`
 
 Information on the system resources. This file system is virtual. What do we mean by that ?
 
@@ -166,7 +146,7 @@ From the `cpuinfo` file get the brand of the cpu simulated by your VM.
 
 From the `meminfo` file retrieve the total size of RAM
 
-# Links
+## Links
 
 With the command `ls -l` we have seen some links, the command `stat` can give us more information on them
 
@@ -218,7 +198,7 @@ To understand the notion of **Inode** we need to know more about storage systems
 
 
 
-# Disk and partition
+## Disk and partition
 
 On a computer, the data are physically stored on a media (HDD, SSD, USB key, punch card...)
 

5_users_and_rights.Rmd

 ---
 title: Users and rights
 author: "Laurent Modolo"
-output:
-  rmdformats::downcute:
-    self_contain: true
-    use_bookdown: true
-    default_style: "light"
-    lightbox: true
-    css: "./www/style_Rmd.css"
 ---
 
 ```{r include = FALSE}
-
 if (!require("fontawesome")) {
   install.packages("fontawesome")
 }
-if (!require("klippy")) {
-  install.packages("remotes")
-  remotes::install_github("rlesur/klippy")
-}
 library(fontawesome)
 knitr::opts_chunk$set(echo = TRUE)
 knitr::opts_chunk$set(comment = NA)
-klippy::klippy(
-  position = c('top', 'right'),
-  color = "white",
-  tooltip_message = 'Click to copy',
-  tooltip_success = 'Copied !')
-
 ```
 
-[![cc_by_sa](./img/cc_by_sa.png)](http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/)
+<a rel="license" href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/">
+<img alt="Creative Commons License" style="border-width:0" src="https://i.creativecommons.org/l/by-sa/4.0/88x31.png" />
+</a>
 
 Objective: Understand how rights works in GNU/Linux
 
@@ -48,7 +32,7 @@ There can also be other users who
 - belong to groups
 - the groups also have rights
 
-# File rights
+## File rights
 
 Each file is associated with a set of rights:
 
@@ -153,7 +137,7 @@ Create a symbolic link (`ln -s`) to your **.bashrc** file, what are the default
 
 Can you remove the writing right of this link ? What happened ?
 
-# Users and Groups
+## Users and Groups
 
 We have seen how to change the right associated with the group, but what about changing the group itself ? The command `chgrp` allows you to do just that:
 
@@ -187,7 +171,7 @@ Copy the `mkdir` tool to your home directory. Can you remove execution rights fo
 
 You cannot change the owner of a file, but you can always allow another user to copy it and change the rights on its copy.
 
-# Getting admin access
+## Getting admin access
 
 Currently you don’t have administrative access to your VM, this means that you don’t have the password to the *root* account. Another way to get administrative access in Linux is to use the `sudo` command.
 
@@ -225,7 +209,7 @@ You can try again the `chown` command with the `sudo` command.
 
 Check the content of the file `/etc/shadow` , what is the utility of this file (you can get help from the `man` command).
 
-# Creating Users
+## Creating Users
 
 You can add a new user to your system with the command `useradd`
 
@@ -252,7 +236,7 @@ sudo su student
 
 What append when you don't specify a login with the `su` command ?
 
-# Creating groups
+## Creating groups
 
 You can add new groups to your system with the command `groupadd`
 
@@ -280,7 +264,7 @@ sudo usermod -G student student
 
 Check the results.
 
-# Security-Enhanced Linux
+## Security-Enhanced Linux
 
 While what you have seen in this section hold true for every Unix system, additional rules can be applied to control the rights in Linux. This is what is called [SE Linux](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Security-Enhanced_Linux) (**s**ecurity-**e**nhanced **Linux**)
 

6_unix_processes.Rmd

 ---
 title: Unix Processes
 author: "Laurent Modolo"
-output:
-  rmdformats::downcute:
-    self_contain: true
-    use_bookdown: true
-    default_style: "light"
-    lightbox: true
-    css: "./www/style_Rmd.css"
 ---
 
 ```{r include = FALSE}
-
 if (!require("fontawesome")) {
   install.packages("fontawesome")
 }
-if (!require("klippy")) {
-  install.packages("remotes")
-  remotes::install_github("rlesur/klippy")
-}
 library(fontawesome)
 knitr::opts_chunk$set(echo = TRUE)
 knitr::opts_chunk$set(comment = NA)
-klippy::klippy(
-  position = c("top", "right"),
-  color = "white",
-  tooltip_message = "Click to copy",
-  tooltip_success = "Copied !"
-)
 ```
 
-# Unix Processes
-
-[![cc_by_sa](./img/cc_by_sa.png)](http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/)
+<a rel="license" href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/">
+<img alt="Creative Commons License" style="border-width:0" src="https://i.creativecommons.org/l/by-sa/4.0/88x31.png" />
+</a>
 
 Objective: Understand how process works in GNU/Linux
 
@@ -48,7 +30,7 @@ Your shell is a process to manipulate other processes.
 
 Some commands in your shell don’t have an associated process, for example there is no `cd` program, it’s a functionality of your shell. The `cd` command tell your `bash` process to do something not to fork another process.
 
-# Process attributes
+## Process attributes
 
 - **PID** : the **p**rocess **id**entifier is an integer, at a given time each **PID** is unique to a process
 - **PPID** : the **p**arent **p**rocess **id**entifier is the **PID** of the process that has stared the current process
@@ -95,7 +77,7 @@ ps -l -C systemd
 
 Who launched the first `systemd` process ?
 
-# Processes tree
+## Processes tree
 
 From **PPID** to **PPID**, you can guess that like the file system, processes are organized in a tree. The command `pstree` can give you a nice representation of this tree.
 
@@ -142,7 +124,7 @@ Launch the `stress` for 1 CPU and 3600 second.
 
 You don’t have a prompt, it means that the last command (`stress`) is running.
 
-# Terminate
+## Terminate
 
 Instead of taking a nap and come back at the end of this session, we may want to interrupt this command. The first way to do that is to ask the system to terminate the `stress` process.
 
@@ -186,7 +168,7 @@ A process with a **PPID** of **1** is called a **daemon**, daemons are processes
 
 Kill the remaining `stress `processes with the command `pkill`. You can check the **man**ual on how to do that.
 
-# Suspend
+## Suspend
 
 Launch `htop` then press `ctrl` + `z`. What happened ? 
 
@@ -226,7 +208,7 @@ Bring the 2nd `htop` to the foreground. Put it back to the background with `ctrl
 
 The command `bg` allows you to resume a job stopped in the background. You can restart your stopped `stress` process with this command. You can use the `kill %N` syntax to kill your two `stress` processes.
 
-# Priority
+## Priority
 
 We have seen that we can launch a `stress `process to use 100% of a CPU. Launch two `stress` processes like that in the background.
 

7_streams_and_pipes.Rmd

 ---
 title: Unix Streams and pipes
 author: "Laurent Modolo"
-output:
-  rmdformats::downcute:
-    self_contain: true
-    use_bookdown: true
-    default_style: "light"
-    lightbox: true
-    css: "./www/style_Rmd.css"
 ---
 
 ```{r include = FALSE}
-
 if (!require("fontawesome")) {
   install.packages("fontawesome")
 }
-if (!require("klippy")) {
-  install.packages("remotes")
-  remotes::install_github("rlesur/klippy")
-}
 library(fontawesome)
 knitr::opts_chunk$set(echo = TRUE)
 knitr::opts_chunk$set(comment = NA)
-klippy::klippy(
-  position = c('top', 'right'),
-  color = "white",
-  tooltip_message = 'Click to copy',
-  tooltip_success = 'Copied !')
-
 ```
 
-[![cc_by_sa](./img/cc_by_sa.png)](http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/)
+<a rel="license" href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/">
+<img alt="Creative Commons License" style="border-width:0" src="https://i.creativecommons.org/l/by-sa/4.0/88x31.png" />
+</a>
 
 Objective: Understand function of streams and pipes in Unix systems
 
@@ -60,7 +44,7 @@ cat .bashrc
 
 
 
-# Streams manipulation
+## Streams manipulation
 
 You can use the `>` character to redirect a flux toward a file. The following command makes a copy of your `.bashrc` files.
 
@@ -123,7 +107,7 @@ cal 2&>> my_redirection
 
 
 
-# Pipes
+## Pipes
 
 The last stream manipulation that we are going to see is the pipe which transforms the **stdout** of a process into the **stding** of the next. Pipes are useful to chain multiples simple operations. The pipe operator is `| `
 

8_text_manipulation.Rmd

 ---
 title: Text manipulation
 author: "Laurent Modolo"
-output:
-  rmdformats::downcute:
-    self_contain: true
-    use_bookdown: true
-    default_style: "light"
-    lightbox: true
-    css: "./www/style_Rmd.css"
 ---
 
 ```{r include = FALSE}
-
 if (!require("fontawesome")) {
   install.packages("fontawesome")
 }
-if (!require("klippy")) {
-  install.packages("remotes")
-  remotes::install_github("rlesur/klippy")
-}
 library(fontawesome)
 knitr::opts_chunk$set(echo = TRUE)
 knitr::opts_chunk$set(comment = NA)
-klippy::klippy(
-  position = c("top", "right"),
-  color = "white",
-  tooltip_message = "Click to copy",
-  tooltip_success = "Copied !"
-)
 ```
 
-[![cc_by_sa](./img/cc_by_sa.png)](http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/)
+<a rel="license" href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/">
+<img alt="Creative Commons License" style="border-width:0" src="https://i.creativecommons.org/l/by-sa/4.0/88x31.png" />
+</a>
 
 Objective: Learn simple ways to work with text file in Unix
 
 One of the great things with command line tools is that they are simple and fast. Which means that they are great for handling large files. And as bioinformaticians you have to handle large files, so you need to use command line tools for that.
 
-# Text search
+## Text search
 
 The file [hg38.ncbiRefSeq.gtf.gz](http://hgdownload.soe.ucsc.edu/goldenPath/hg38/bigZips/genes/hg38.ncbiRefSeq.gtf.gz) contains the RefSeq annotation for hg38 in [GFT format](http://www.genome.ucsc.edu/FAQ/FAQformat.html#format4)
 
@@ -68,7 +52,7 @@ Does the number of *3UTR* match the number of *5UTR* ?
 
 How many transcripts does the gene *CCR7* have ?
 
-# Regular expression
+## Regular expression
 
 When you do a loot text search, you will encounter regular expressions (regexp), which allow you to perform fuzzy search. To run `grep` in regexp mode you can use the switch. `-E`
 
@@ -90,7 +74,7 @@ There are different special characters in regexp, but you can use `\` to escape
 gzip -dc hg38.ncbiRefSeq.gtf.gz | head | grep -E "\."
 ```
 
-## Character classes and alternatives
+### Character classes and alternatives
 
 There are a number of special patterns that match more than one character. You’ve already seen `.`, which matches any character apart from a newline. There are four other useful tools:
 
@@ -111,7 +95,7 @@ gzip -dc hg38.ncbiRefSeq.gtf.gz | head | perl -E "\d\d[A-Z]\d"
 </p>
 </details>
 
-## Anchors
+### Anchors
 
 By default, regular expressions will match any part of a string. It’s often useful to *anchor* the regular expression so that it matches from the start or end of the string. You can use
 
@@ -128,7 +112,7 @@ gzip -dc hg38.ncbiRefSeq.gtf.gz | head | grep -E "c"
 gzip -dc hg38.ncbiRefSeq.gtf.gz | head | grep -E "^c"
 ```
 
-## Repetition
+### Repetition
 
 The next step up in power involves controlling how many times a pattern matches
 
@@ -165,7 +149,7 @@ gzip -dc hg38.ncbiRefSeq.gtf.gz | grep -E "transcript\s.*gene_id\s\"\S{16,}\";"
 </p>
 </details>
 
-## Grouping and back references
+### Grouping and back references
 
 You can group match using `()`, for example the following regexp match doublet of *12* .
 
@@ -192,7 +176,7 @@ gzip -dc hg38.ncbiRefSeq.gtf.gz | head | sed -E 's|ncbiRefSeq(.*)(transcript_id
 </details>
 Regexp can be very complex see for example [a regex to validate an email on starckoverflow](https://stackoverflow.com/questions/201323/how-to-validate-an-email-address-using-a-regular-expression/201378#201378). When you start you can always use for a given regexp to a more experienced used (just give him the kind of text you want to match and not match). You can test your regex easily with the [regex101 website](https://regex101.com/).
 
-# Sorting
+## Sorting
 
 GTF files should be sorted by chromosome, starting position and end position. But you can change that with the command `sort` to select the column to sort on you can use the option `-k n,n` where `n` is the column number.
 
@@ -236,7 +220,7 @@ gzip -dc hg38.ncbiRefSeq.gtf.gz | head -n 10000 | sort -k 1,1 -k 4,4n -k 5,5n -c
 
 
 
-# Field extractor
+## Field extractor
 
 Sometime rather than using complex regexp, we want to extract a particular column from a file. You can use the command `cut` to do that.
 
@@ -255,7 +239,7 @@ gzip -dc hg38.ncbiRefSeq.gtf.gz | head | cut -f 2 -f 5 -d ";"
 ```
 </p>
 </details>
-# Concatenation
+## Concatenation
 
 There are different tools to concatenate files from the command line `cat` for vertical concatenation and `paste` for horizontal concatenation.
 
@@ -271,7 +255,7 @@ gzip -dc hg38.ncbiRefSeq.gtf.gz | head |  paste - -
 
 
 
-# Text editor
+## Text editor
 
 You often have access to different text editors from the common line, two of the most popular ones are `vim` and `nano`.
 
@@ -291,7 +275,7 @@ You have 3 modes in `vim`:
 - The **insert** mode, where you can write things. You enter this mode with the `i` key or any other key insertion key (for example `a` to insert after the cursor or `A` to insert at the end of the line)
 - The **visual** mode where you can select text for copy/paste action. You can enter this mode with the `v` key
 
-If you want to learn more about `vim`, you can start with the https://vim-adventures.com/ website. Once you master `vim` everything is faster but you will have to practice a loot. 
+If you want to learn more about `vim`, you can start with the <https://vim-adventures.com/> website. Once you master `vim` everything is faster but you will have to practice a lot. 
 
 > We have used the following commands:
 >

9_batch_processing.Rmd

 ---
 title: Batch processing
 author: "Laurent Modolo"
-output:
-  rmdformats::downcute:
-    self_contain: true
-    use_bookdown: true
-    default_style: "light"
-    lightbox: true
-    css: "./www/style_Rmd.css"
 ---
 
 ```{r include = FALSE}
-
 if (!require("fontawesome")) {
   install.packages("fontawesome")
 }
-if (!require("klippy")) {
-  install.packages("remotes")
-  remotes::install_github("rlesur/klippy")
-}
 library(fontawesome)
 knitr::opts_chunk$set(echo = TRUE)
 knitr::opts_chunk$set(comment = NA)
-klippy::klippy(
-  position = c('top', 'right'),
-  color = "white",
-  tooltip_message = 'Click to copy',
-  tooltip_success = 'Copied !')
-
 ```
 
-[![cc_by_sa](./img/cc_by_sa.png)](http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/)
+<a rel="license" href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/">
+<img alt="Creative Commons License" style="border-width:0" src="https://i.creativecommons.org/l/by-sa/4.0/88x31.png" />
+</a>
 
 Objective: Learn basics of batch processing in GNU/Linux
 
@@ -56,7 +40,7 @@ You can also use the `||`  to manage errors and run `CMD2` if `CMD1` failed.
 CMD1 || CMD2
 ```
 
-# Executing list of commands
+## Executing list of commands
 
 The easiest option to execute list of command is to use `xargs`. `xargs` reads arguments from **stdin** and use them as arguments for a command. In UNIX systems the command `echo` send string of character into **stdout**. We are going to use this command to learn more about `xargs`.
 
@@ -137,7 +121,7 @@ find /tmp/ -type d | xargs -t rm -R
 </p>
 </details>
 
-# Writing `awk` commands
+## Writing `awk` commands
 
 `xargs` It is a simple solution for writing batch commands, but if you want to write more complex command you are going to need to learn `awk`. `awk` is a programming language by itself, but you don’t need to know everything about `awk` to use it.
 
@@ -239,7 +223,7 @@ awk 'BEGIN {OFS = "\n"} {header = $0 ; getline seq ; getline qheader ; getline q
 
 
 
-# Writing a bash script
+## Writing a bash script
 
 When you start writing complicated command, you may want to save them to reuse them later.
 
@@ -268,7 +252,7 @@ echo "download and extraction complete"
 </details>
 
 
-## shebang
+### shebang
 
 In your first bash script, the only thing saying that your script is a bash script is its extension. But most of the time UNIX system doesn’t care about file extension, a text file is a text file.
 
@@ -277,13 +261,13 @@ To tell the system that your text file is a bash script you need to add a **sheb
 For example, for a bash script in a system where `bash` is installed in `/bin/bash` the **shebang** is:
 
 ```bash
-#!/bin/bash
+##!/bin/bash
 ```
 
 When you are not sure `which`is the path of the tools available to interpret your script, you can use the following shebang:
 
 ```bash
-#!/usr/bin/env bash
+##!/usr/bin/env bash
 ```
 
 You can add a **shebang** to your script and add it the e**x**ecutable right.
@@ -305,7 +289,7 @@ Now you can execute your script with the command:
 
 Congratulations you wrote your first program !
 
-## PATH
+### PATH
 
 Where did they `/usr/bin/env` find the information about your bash ? Why did we have to write a `./` before our script if we are in the same folder ?
 
@@ -377,7 +361,7 @@ You can check the result of your command with `echo $PATH`
 
 Try to call your `download_hg38.sh` from anywhere on the file tree. Congratulation you installed your first UNIX program !
 
-## Arguments
+### Arguments
 
 You can pass argument to your bash scripts, writing the following command:
 
@@ -398,7 +382,7 @@ Means that from within the script:
 You can write the following `variables.sh` script in your `scripts` folder:
 
 ```sh
-#!/bin/bash
+##!/bin/bash
 
 echo "Name of the script: $0"
 echo "Total number of arguments: $#"

_quarto.yml

+project:
+  type: book
+
+book:
+  title: "UNIX command line"
+  author:
+    - "Laurent Modolo"
+  date: "2023-10-09"
+  chapters:
+    - index.md
+    - 1_understanding_a_computer.Rmd
+    - 2_using_the_ifb_cloud.Rmd
+    - 3_first_steps_in_a_terminal.Rmd
+    - 4_unix_file_system.Rmd
+    - 5_users_and_rights.Rmd
+    - 6_unix_processes.Rmd
+    - 7_streams_and_pipes.Rmd
+    - 8_text_manipulation.Rmd
+    - 9_batch_processing.Rmd
+    - 10_network_and_ssh.Rmd
+    - 11_install_system_programs.Rmd
+    - 12_virtualization.Rmd
+  body-footer: "License: Creative Commons [CC-BY-SA-4.0](http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/).<br>Made with [Quarto](https://quarto.org/)."
+  navbar:
+    search: true
+    right:
+      - icon: git
+        href: https://gitbio.ens-lyon.fr/can/unix-command-line
+        text: Sources
+
+# bibliography: references.bib
+
+format:
+  html:
+    theme:
+      light: flatly
+      dark: darkly
+
+execute: 
+  cache: true
+
+  
\ No newline at end of file

index.md

----
-title: #  Unix / command line training course
----
-
-# Unix / command line training course
+## Unix / command line training course {.unnumbered}
 
 1. [Understanding a computer](./1_understanding_a_computer.html)
 2. [Using the IFB cloud](./2_using_the_ifb_cloud.html)

orga/ifb_cloud_group_desc.md

+# IFB cloud group description for UNIX training
+
+## Short name
+
+CAN UNIX 2023
+
+## Full name
+
+UNIX command line training
+
+## Website
+
+https://gitbio.ens-lyon.fr/can/unix-command-line/
+
+---
+
+# Detailed description
+
+## Résumé (20 lignes)
+
+Le [Conseil d'Analyse Numérique (CAN)](https://www.sfr-biosciences.fr/la-sfr/conseil-analyse-numerique/) de l'UAR [SFR BioSciences](https://www.sfr-biosciences.fr) (Lyon) organise une formation **"UNIX ligne de commandes"** à destination des membres des laboratoires de biologie affiliés (entre autres ceux hébergés à l'ENS de Lyon), laquelle débutera début octobre.
+
+Cette formation s'étalera sur une quatorzaine de semaines à raison de 1h30 par semaine au semestre d'automne (suivant les demandes, elle aura lieu tous les ans au semestre d'automne).
+
+Les objectifs de cette formation sont:
+
+- comprendre le fonctionnement général d'un ordinateur
+- interagir avec un système de type UNIX par une interface en ligne de commande
+- utiliser des ressources distantes en ligne de commande
+- installer et utiliser des programmes en ligne de commandes
+- manipuler des données de types textuelles de manière automatisée
+- avoir des notions d'administration sur ce type de système
+- avoir des notions en virtualisation de système
+
+## Informations pratiques
+
+- Dates : 1h30/semaine de octobre 2022 à janvier 2023
+- Lieu : Centre Blaise Pascal (CBP), ENS de Lyon
+- Noms des formateurs : Laurent Modolo, Ghislain Durif, Mia Croiset
+- Nombre de participants : 12
+
+## Ressources demandées
+
+Nous utiliserons des instances de l'*appliance* "LBMC Unix 2022" déjà utilisée l'année dernière. Les TPs portent sur la prise en main de commandes bash, donc les VM les plus petites suffisent, pour un TP d'1h30 nous aurons besoin de 2 vCPU par VM au plus.
+
+### Outils et environnements
+
+- une distribution Linux standard (Ubuntu)
+- docker
+- bash
+- shellinabox (pour un accès au terminal via une interface web)
+
+Tous ces outils sont intégrés dans l'*appliance* "LBMC Unix 2022".
+
+### Resources informatiques
+*Indiquer la quantité estimée de calcul et de stockage sur la durée totale de votre formation.*
+
+* Taille max des VMs par participant : 2 vCPU, 2Go mémoire RAM, gabarit `ifb.tr.medium` (2c 2Go)
+* Nombre total d'heures vCPU (vCPU.h) : 2 vCPU * (12 participants + 2 encadrants) * 14 séances * 1h30 = 588 vCPU.h
+* Volume de stockage partagé : <1Go
+* Besoins spécifiques
+  - grosse mémoire (RAM > 1 To) : NON
+  - GPU : NON
+  - haute fréquence processeur (> 3 GHz) : NON
+  - parallélisme : 2 vCPU/VM max
+
+Disponibilité des ressources après la formation ? NON
+
+---
+
+## Start
+
+10/10/2023
+
+## End
+
+31/01/2023

orga/mail_call_trainer.txt

-# Appel à formateurs/formatrices pour formations "UNIX ligne de commandes" et "R pour les débutant(e)s" automne 2023
+# Appel à formateurs/formatrices pour formations "UNIX ligne de commandes" et "R pour les débutant(e)s", automne 2024
 
 Bonjour (english below)
 
@@ -7,25 +7,25 @@ TL;DR appel à formateurs/formatrices pour des formations hebdomadaire au semest
 
 ---
 
-Le CAN (https://www.sfr-biosciences.fr/la-sfr/conseil-analyse-numerique/) va organiser deux formations sur le semestre d'automne qui débuteront débuts octobre : "UNIX ligne de commandes" et "R pour les débutant(e)s".
+Le CAN (https://www.sfr-biosciences.fr/la-sfr/conseil-analyse-numerique/) va organiser deux formations sur le semestre d'automne qui débuteront débuts octobre : "UNIX ligne de commandes" et "R pour les débutant(e)s". En option, une extension à Python d'une partie du contenu de la formation "R pour les débutant(e)s" sera proposée sur deux séances supplémentaires.
 
 Ces formations s'étaleront sur une dizaine de semaines, jusqu'en décembre (sauf pendant les vacances de Toussaint et Noël, avec la possibilité de rajouter quelques séances en janvier si besoin) à raison de 1h30 de travaux pratiques par semaine avec 10 personnes par créneau.
 
-Ces formations sont accessibles à tous les membres (permanents et non permanents) des laboratoires suivants : CIRI, IGFL, LBMC, RDP, MMSB, LBTI, IVPC, IBCP (partenaires de la SFR BioSciences).
+Ces formations sont accessibles à tous les membres (permanents et non permanents) des laboratoires suivants (partenaires de la SFR BioSciences) : CIRI, IGFL, LBMC, RDP, MMSB, LBTI, IVPC, IBCP.
 
 Afin d'animer ces formations, nous sommes à la recherche de formateurs et formatrices volontaires, idéalement au moins 2 par créneau.
 
 Informations importantes :
 
-- il n'y a pas de préparation, les supports sont prêts
-- c'est 1h30 par semaine, on peut facilement échanger si un jour on n'est pas dispo
-- les personnes formées sont vraiment débutantes donc les questions ne seront pas complexes et toute aide sera la bienvenue, il faut juste être à l'aise avec R ou avec la ligne de commande sur UNIX (e.g. OS Linux), pas besoin d'être un expert ou une experte.
+- il n'y a pas de préparation, les supports sont prêts,
+- c'est 1h30 par semaine, on peut facilement échanger si un jour on n'est pas dispo,
+- les personnes formées sont vraiment débutantes donc les questions ne seront pas complexes et toute aide sera la bienvenue, il faut juste être à l'aise avec R ou avec la ligne de commande sur UNIX (e.g. OS Linux), pas besoin d'être un expert ou une experte,
 - et surtout c'est super enrichissant!
 
 Si vous êtes intéressé(e), vous pouvez vous inscrire via les liens suivants :
 
-- UNIX ligne de commandes : https://framaforms.org/appel-a-formatrices-et-formateurs-pour-la-formation-unix-ligne-de-commande-call-for-trainers-for
-- R pour les débutant(e)s : https://framaforms.org/appel-a-formatrices-et-formateurs-pour-la-formation-r-pour-les-debutantes-call-for-trainers-for-r
+- UNIX ligne de commandes : https://framaforms.org/appel-a-formatrices-et-formateurs-pour-la-formation-unix-ligne-de-commande-call-for-trainers-for-0
+- R pour les débutant(e)s : https://framaforms.org/appel-a-formatrices-et-formateurs-pour-la-formation-r-pour-les-debutantes-call-for-trainers-for-r-0
 
 Planning :
 
@@ -37,13 +37,14 @@ Planning :
 
 Si vous avez des questions, vous pouvez contacter:
 
-- Ghislain Durif (ghislain.durif@ens-lyon.fr)
-- Laurent Modolo (laurent.modolo@ens-lyon.fr)
+- Laurent Gilquin (laurent.gilquin@ens-lyon.fr)
 Merci d'avance,
 
 Bien cordialement,
 
 ----
+# Call for trainers for "R for beginners" and "UNIX command line" training sessions, fall 2024
+
 
 Hi,
 
@@ -51,25 +52,25 @@ Hi,
 TL;DR call for trainers for the weekly training session during fall semester : "UNIX command line" (1 slot) and "R for beginners" (4 slots), link to register below
 ---
 
-The CAN (https://www.sfr-biosciences.fr/la-sfr/conseil-analyse-numerique/) will organize two training session during the fall semester (starting in early October): "UNIX command line" and "R for beginners".
+The CAN (https://www.sfr-biosciences.fr/la-sfr/conseil-analyse-numerique/) will organize two training session during the fall semester (starting in early October): "UNIX command line" and "R for beginners". As an option, an extension to Python of the "R for beginners" course will be proposed over two additional sessions.
 
 These training sessions will take place during around ten weeks, until December (except during Toussaint and Christmas Holidays, with the possibility to add additional slots in January if necessary), with 1h30 of tutorial/practical every week and 10 trainees/slot.
 
-These training sessions are available for all (permanent and non-permanent) members of the following labs: CIRI, IGFL, LBMC, RDP, MMSB, LBTI, IVPC, IBCP (SFR BioSciences partners).
+These training sessions are available for all (permanent and non-permanent) members of the following labs (SFR BioSciences partners): CIRI, IGFL, LBMC, RDP, MMSB, LBTI, IVPC, IBCP.
 
 We are looking for volunteers to be trainers, ideally 2 per slot.
 
 Important information :
 
-- no preparation required, training materials are ready
-- it is only 1h30 per week (or more if you want to teach multiple sessions), it is possible to switch spots with other trainers if you are not available one time
-- trainees will be beginners, so questions will not be too complex and any help is welcomed, you just need to be a regular UNIX command line user (e.g. Linux OS) or R user, no need to be an expert
+- no preparation required, training materials are ready,
+- it is only 1h30 per week (or more if you want to teach multiple sessions), it is possible to switch spots with other trainers if you are not available one time,
+- trainees will be beginners, so questions will not be too complex and any help is welcomed, you just need to be a regular UNIX command line user (e.g. Linux OS) or R user, no need to be an expert,
 - and also it is highly rewarding!
 
 If you are interested, please register using the following links :
 
-- UNIX command line: https://framaforms.org/appel-a-formatrices-et-formateurs-pour-la-formation-unix-ligne-de-commande-call-for-trainers-for
-- R for beginners: https://framaforms.org/appel-a-formatrices-et-formateurs-pour-la-formation-r-pour-les-debutantes-call-for-trainers-for-r
+- UNIX command line: https://framaforms.org/appel-a-formatrices-et-formateurs-pour-la-formation-unix-ligne-de-commande-call-for-trainers-for-0
+- R for beginners: https://framaforms.org/appel-a-formatrices-et-formateurs-pour-la-formation-r-pour-les-debutantes-call-for-trainers-for-r-0
 
 Schedule :
 
@@ -81,8 +82,7 @@ Schedule :
 
 If you have any questions, please contact:
 
-- Ghislain Durif (ghislain.durif@ens-lyon.fr)
-- Laurent Modolo (laurent.modolo@ens-lyon.fr)
+- Laurent Gilquin (laurent.gilquin@ens-lyon.fr)
 Thanks in advance,
 
 Best regards,

orga/mail_registration.txt

-# Formations "UNIX ligne de commandes" et "R pour les débutant(e)s" automne 2023
+# Formations "UNIX ligne de commandes" et "R pour les débutant(e)s", automne 2024
 
 Bonjour (english below)
 
@@ -7,11 +7,11 @@ TL;DR formations hebdomadaire au semestre d'automne "UNIX ligne de commandes" (1
 
 ---
 
-Le CAN (https://www.sfr-biosciences.fr/la-sfr/conseil-analyse-numerique/) va organiser deux formations sur le semestre d'automne qui débuteront débuts octobre : "UNIX ligne de commandes" et "R pour les débutant(e)s".
+Le CAN (https://www.sfr-biosciences.fr/la-sfr/conseil-analyse-numerique/) va organiser deux formations sur le semestre d'automne qui débuteront débuts octobre : "UNIX ligne de commandes" et "R pour les débutant(e)s". En option, une extension à Python d'une partie du contenu de la formation "R pour les débutant(e)s" sera proposée sur deux séances supplémentaires.
 
 Ces formations s'étaleront sur une dizaine de semaines, jusqu'en décembre (sauf pendant les vacances de Toussaint et Noël, avec la possibilité de rajouter quelques séances en janvier si besoin) à raison de 1h30 de travaux pratiques par semaine.
 
-Ces formations sont accessibles à tous les membres (permanents et non permanents) des laboratoires suivants : CIRI, IGFL, LBMC, RDP, MMSB, LBTI, IVPC, IBCP (partenaires de la SFR BioSciences).
+Ces formations sont accessibles à tous les membres (permanents et non permanents) des laboratoires suivants (partenaires de la SFR BioSciences): CIRI, IGFL, LBMC, RDP, MMSB, LBTI, IVPC, IBCP.
 
 Prérequis : avoir un compte @ens-lyon.fr (pour accéder aux ordinateurs des salles de TP) ou avoir un ordinateur portable avec accès à internet via eduroam et un navigateur internet récent (aucune installation spécifique nécessaire, les TPs se font via une plateforme spécifique accessible par son navigateur Internet).
 
@@ -19,10 +19,10 @@ Il y aura 1 créneau hebdomadaire (en français ou anglais suivant la demande) p
 
 Si vous êtes intéressé(e), vous pouvez vous inscrire via les liens suivants :
 
-- UNIX ligne de commandes : https://framaforms.org/formation-unix-ligne-de-commande-unix-command-line-training-session-1693397101
-- R pour les débutant(e)s : https://framaforms.org/formation-r-pour-les-debutantes-r-for-beginners-training-session-1693316875
+- UNIX ligne de commandes : https://framaforms.org/formation-unix-ligne-de-commande-unix-command-line-training-session-1720512376
+- R pour les débutant(e)s : https://framaforms.org/formation-r-pour-les-debutantes-r-for-beginners-training-session-1720512419
 
-IMPORTANT : En vous inscrivant vous vous engagez à venir sur l'ensemble de la formation (sauf absence ponctuelle en cas d'impératif professionnel ou personnel évidemment).
+IMPORTANT : En vous inscrivant vous vous engagez à venir sur l'ensemble de la formation (sauf absence ponctuelle en cas d'impératif professionnel ou personnel évidemment). Les attestations de formation ne seront délivrées qu'aux personnes ayant suivi au moins 80% des séances de leur groupe.
 
 Planning :
 
@@ -34,10 +34,9 @@ Planning :
 
 Si vous avez des questions, vous pouvez contacter:
 
-- Ghislain Durif (ghislain.durif@ens-lyon.fr)
-- Laurent Modolo (laurent.modolo@ens-lyon.fr)
+- Laurent Gilquin (laurent.gilquin@ens-lyon.fr)
 
-(Note : un e-mail différent sera envoyé pour en appeler aux formateurs et formatrices volontaires)
+# Note : un e-mail différent sera envoyé pour en appeler aux formateurs et formatrices volontaires
 
 Les objectifs de ces formations sont :
 
@@ -59,10 +58,12 @@ Pour "R pour les débutant(e)s" :
 - filtrer et trier des tables de données
 - réorganiser des tables de données
 - réaliser des figures
+- manipuler des EXpressions REGulières (regex)
 
 Bien cordialement,
 
 ----
+# "R for beginners" and "UNIX command line" training sessions, fall 2024
 
 Hi,
 
@@ -70,11 +71,11 @@ Hi,
 TL;DR weekly training session during fall semester : "UNIX command line" (10 places on 1 slot) and "R for beginners" (40 places on 4 slots), link to register below (thanks to carefully read the information below)
 ---
 
-The CAN (https://www.sfr-biosciences.fr/la-sfr/conseil-analyse-numerique/) will organize two training session during the fall semester (starting in early October): "UNIX command line" and "R for beginners".
+The CAN (https://www.sfr-biosciences.fr/la-sfr/conseil-analyse-numerique/) will organize two training session during the fall semester (starting in early October): "UNIX command line" and "R for beginners". As an option, an extension to Python of the "R for beginners" course will be proposed over two additional sessions.
 
 These training sessions will take place during around ten weeks, until December (except during Toussaint and Christmas Holidays, with the possibility to add additional slots in January if necessary), with 1h30 of tutorial/practical every week.
 
-These training sessions are available for all (permanent and non-permanent) members of the following labs: CIRI, IGFL, LBMC, RDP, MMSB, LBTI, IVPC, IBCP (SFR BioSciences partners).
+These training sessions are available for all (permanent and non-permanent) members of the following labs (SFR BioSciences partners): CIRI, IGFL, LBMC, RDP, MMSB, LBTI, IVPC, IBCP.
 
 Requirement: having an @ens-lyon.fr account (to access computers during the session) or having a laptop with a working eduroam Internet access and a recent web browser (no further installation is required, all practicals will be done via a specific platform available through the web browser).
 
@@ -82,10 +83,10 @@ There will be 1 weekly session (in french or in english depending on the registe
 
 If you are interested, please register using the following links :
 
-- UNIX command line: https://framaforms.org/formation-unix-ligne-de-commande-1661852334
-- R for beginners: https://framaforms.org/formation-r-pour-les-debutantes-1661853807
+- UNIX command line: https://framaforms.org/formation-unix-ligne-de-commande-unix-command-line-training-session-1720512376
+- R for beginners: https://framaforms.org/formation-r-pour-les-debutantes-r-for-beginners-training-session-1720512419
 
-IMPORTANT: By registering, you agree to attend the entire course (except for one-time absences in case of professional or personal imperative obviously).
+IMPORTANT: By registering, you agree to attend the entire course (except for one-time absences in case of professional or personal imperative obviously). Training certificates will only be delivered to people who have attended at least 80% of their group's sessions.
 
 Schedule :
 
@@ -97,10 +98,9 @@ Schedule :
 
 If you have any questions, please contact:
 
-- Ghislain Durif (ghislain.durif@ens-lyon.fr)
-- Laurent Modolo (laurent.modolo@ens-lyon.fr)
+- Laurent Gilquin (laurent.gilquin@ens-lyon.fr)
 
-(Note: a separate e-mail will be send to call for trainers)
+# Note: a separate e-mail will be send to call for trainers
 
 The contents of the these training sessions are the following :
 
@@ -120,6 +120,7 @@ For "R for beginners":
 - filter and sort data table
 - reorganize data table
 - generate graphics and plots
+- manipulate REGular EXpressions (regex)
 
 Best regards,
 

orga/yakform_call_trainer_unix.txt

 $webform = array (
-  'nid' => '779305',
+  'nid' => '987106',
   'next_serial' => '1',
   'confirmation' => '',
   'confirmation_format' => 'wysiwyg_user',
@@ -46,7 +46,7 @@ $webform = array (
   array (
     15 => 
     array (
-      'nid' => 779305,
+      'nid' => 987106,
       'cid' => '15',
       'pid' => '0',
       'form_key' => 'new_1663580649768',
@@ -65,7 +65,7 @@ $webform = array (
         'title_display' => 'before',
         'description' => '',
         'description_above' => false,
-        'placeholder' => 'Dupont',
+        'placeholder' => 'John',
         'attributes' => 
         array (
         ),
@@ -80,7 +80,7 @@ $webform = array (
     ),
     14 => 
     array (
-      'nid' => 779305,
+      'nid' => 987106,
       'cid' => '14',
       'pid' => '0',
       'form_key' => 'new_1663580608320',
@@ -99,7 +99,7 @@ $webform = array (
         'title_display' => 'before',
         'description' => '',
         'description_above' => false,
-        'placeholder' => 'John',
+        'placeholder' => 'Dupont',
         'attributes' => 
         array (
         ),
@@ -114,7 +114,7 @@ $webform = array (
     ),
     1 => 
     array (
-      'nid' => 779305,
+      'nid' => 987106,
       'cid' => '1',
       'pid' => '0',
       'form_key' => 'new_1661852344800',
@@ -126,7 +126,7 @@ $webform = array (
         'multiple' => 0,
         'format' => 'short',
         'width' => '',
-        'unique' => 1,
+        'unique' => 0,
         'disabled' => 0,
         'title_display' => 'before',
         'description' => '',
@@ -146,7 +146,7 @@ $webform = array (
     ),
     3 => 
     array (
-      'nid' => 779305,
+      'nid' => 987106,
       'cid' => '3',
       'pid' => '0',
       'form_key' => 'new_1661852536156',
@@ -187,7 +187,7 @@ IBCP - Institut de Biologie et Chimie des Proteines     Unité mixte de service
     ),
     30 => 
     array (
-      'nid' => 779305,
+      'nid' => 987106,
       'cid' => '30',
       'pid' => '0',
       'form_key' => 'new_1693394806558',
@@ -222,7 +222,7 @@ IBCP - Institut de Biologie et Chimie des Proteines     Unité mixte de service
     ),
     31 => 
     array (
-      'nid' => 779305,
+      'nid' => 987106,
       'cid' => '31',
       'pid' => '0',
       'form_key' => 'new_1693394865971',
@@ -257,15 +257,15 @@ IBCP - Institut de Biologie et Chimie des Proteines     Unité mixte de service
     ),
     32 => 
     array (
-      'nid' => 779305,
+      'nid' => 987106,
       'cid' => '32',
       'pid' => '0',
       'form_key' => 'new_1693394929998',
       'name' => 'Cloud IFB',
       'type' => 'markup',
-      'value' => '<p>Nous utilisons le cloud de l\'IFB (<link href="https://biosphere.france-bioinformatique.fr/">https://biosphere.france-bioinformatique.fr/</link>) pour les travaux pratiques (les stagiaires travailleront depuis un navigateur internet sur une instance Rstudio server hébergé sur le cloud de l\'IFB).</p>
+      'value' => '<p>Nous utilisons le cloud de l\'IFB (<link href="https://biosphere.france-bioinformatique.fr/">https://biosphere.france-bioinformatique.fr/</link>) pour les travaux pratiques (les stagiaires travailleront depuis un navigateur internet sur une machine virtuelle (Ubuntu) hébergée sur le cloud de l\'IFB).</p>
 
-<p><i>We use the IFB cloud (<link href="https://biosphere.france-bioinformatique.fr/">https://biosphere.france-bioinformatique.fr/</link>) for the practicals (trainees work in their web browser on a Rstudio server hosted on IFB cloud).</i></p>',
+<p><i>We use the IFB cloud (<link href="https://biosphere.france-bioinformatique.fr/">https://biosphere.france-bioinformatique.fr/</link>) for the practicals (trainees work in their web browser on virtual machine (Ubuntu) hosted on IFB cloud).</i></p>',
       'extra' => 
       array (
         'format' => 'wysiwyg_user',
@@ -278,7 +278,7 @@ IBCP - Institut de Biologie et Chimie des Proteines     Unité mixte de service
     ),
     12 => 
     array (
-      'nid' => 779305,
+      'nid' => 987106,
       'cid' => '12',
       'pid' => '0',
       'form_key' => 'new_1663579980628',
@@ -311,7 +311,7 @@ IBCP - Institut de Biologie et Chimie des Proteines     Unité mixte de service
     ),
     23 => 
     array (
-      'nid' => 779305,
+      'nid' => 987106,
       'cid' => '23',
       'pid' => '0',
       'form_key' => 'new_1693320671454',
@@ -336,7 +336,7 @@ IBCP - Institut de Biologie et Chimie des Proteines     Unité mixte de service
     ),
     26 => 
     array (
-      'nid' => 779305,
+      'nid' => 987106,
       'cid' => '26',
       'pid' => '0',
       'form_key' => 'new_1693321164081',
@@ -372,7 +372,7 @@ IBCP - Institut de Biologie et Chimie des Proteines     Unité mixte de service
     ),
     21 => 
     array (
-      'nid' => 779305,
+      'nid' => 987106,
       'cid' => '21',
       'pid' => '0',
       'form_key' => 'new_1693319362737',
@@ -406,7 +406,7 @@ IBCP - Institut de Biologie et Chimie des Proteines     Unité mixte de service
     ),
     24 => 
     array (
-      'nid' => 779305,
+      'nid' => 987106,
       'cid' => '24',
       'pid' => '0',
       'form_key' => 'new_1693320727085',
@@ -427,7 +427,7 @@ IBCP - Institut de Biologie et Chimie des Proteines     Unité mixte de service
     ),
     28 => 
     array (
-      'nid' => 779305,
+      'nid' => 987106,
       'cid' => '28',
       'pid' => '0',
       'form_key' => 'new_1693321289280',