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<h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading" lang="en">Unix</h1>
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<div id="mw-content-text" lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"><div class="mw-parser-output"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Family of computer operating systems that derive from the original AT&T Unix</div>
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<table class="infobox vevent" style="width:22em"><caption class="summary">Unix</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/File:Unix_history-simple.svg" class="image"><img alt="Unix history-simple.svg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Unix_history-simple.svg/300px-Unix_history-simple.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="218" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Unix_history-simple.svg/450px-Unix_history-simple.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Unix_history-simple.svg/600px-Unix_history-simple.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2012" data-file-height="1462" /></a><div>Evolution of Unix and <a href="/wiki/Unix-like" title="Unix-like">Unix-like</a> systems</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Software_developer" class="mw-redirect" title="Software developer">Developer</a></th><td><a href="/wiki/Ken_Thompson" title="Ken Thompson">Ken Thompson</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dennis_Ritchie" title="Dennis Ritchie">Dennis Ritchie</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brian_Kernighan" title="Brian Kernighan">Brian Kernighan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Douglas_McIlroy" title="Douglas McIlroy">Douglas McIlroy</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Joe_Ossanna" title="Joe Ossanna">Joe Ossanna</a> at <a href="/wiki/Bell_Labs" title="Bell Labs">Bell Labs</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Programming_language" title="Programming language">Written in</a></th><td><a href="/wiki/C_(programming_language)" title="C (programming language)">C</a> and <a href="/wiki/Assembly_language" title="Assembly language">assembly language</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap;">OS family</th><td>Unix</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap;">Working state</th><td>Current</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap;">Source model</th><td>Historically <a href="/wiki/Proprietary_software" title="Proprietary software">proprietary software</a>, while some Unix projects (including <a href="/wiki/Berkeley_Software_Distribution" title="Berkeley Software Distribution">BSD</a> family and <a href="/wiki/Illumos" title="Illumos">illumos</a>) are <a href="/wiki/Open-source_software" title="Open-source software">open-source</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap;">Initial release</th><td>Development started in 1969<br />First manual published <a href="/wiki/Research_Unix" title="Research Unix">internally</a> in November 1971<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated">1971-11</span>)</span><sup id="cite_ref-reader_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-reader-1">[1]</a></sup><br />Announced outside Bell Labs in October 1973<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated">1973-10</span>)</span><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Natural_language" title="Natural language">Available in</a></th><td>English</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Kernel_(operating_system)" title="Kernel (operating system)">Kernel</a> type</th><td>Varies; <a href="/wiki/Monolithic_kernel" title="Monolithic kernel">monolithic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Microkernel" title="Microkernel">microkernel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hybrid_kernel" title="Hybrid kernel">hybrid</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap;">Default <a href="/wiki/User_interface" title="User interface">user interface</a></th><td><a href="/wiki/Command-line_interface" title="Command-line interface">Command-line interface</a> and <a href="/wiki/Graphical_user_interface" title="Graphical user interface">Graphical</a> (<a href="/wiki/Wayland_(display_server)" class="mw-redirect" title="Wayland (display server)">Wayland</a> and <a href="/wiki/X_Window_System" title="X Window System">X Window System</a>; <a href="/wiki/Android_(operating_system)" title="Android (operating system)">Android</a> <a href="/wiki/SurfaceFlinger" class="mw-redirect" title="SurfaceFlinger">SurfaceFlinger</a>; <a href="/wiki/MacOS" title="MacOS">macOS</a> <a href="/wiki/Quartz_(graphics_layer)" title="Quartz (graphics layer)">Quartz</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Software_license" title="Software license">License</a></th><td>Varies; some versions are <a href="/wiki/Proprietary_software" title="Proprietary software">proprietary</a>, others are <a href="/wiki/Free_software" title="Free software">free</a>/<a href="/wiki/Open-source_software" title="Open-source software">open-source software</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap;">Official website</th><td><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://opengroup.org/unix">opengroup<wbr />.org<wbr />/unix</a></span></td></tr></tbody></table>
<p><b>Unix</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="/j/: 'y' in 'yes'">j</span><span title="/uː/: 'oo' in 'goose'">uː</span><span title="'n' in 'nigh'">n</span><span title="/ɪ/: 'i' in 'kit'">ɪ</span><span title="'k' in 'kind'">k</span><span title="'s' in 'sigh'">s</span></span>/</a></span></span>; trademarked as <b>UNIX</b>) is a family of <a href="/wiki/Computer_multitasking" title="Computer multitasking">multitasking</a>, <a href="/wiki/Multiuser" class="mw-redirect" title="Multiuser">multiuser</a> computer <a href="/wiki/Operating_system" title="Operating system">operating systems</a> that derive from the original <a href="/wiki/AT%26T_Corporation" title="AT&T Corporation">AT&T</a> Unix, development starting in the 1970s at the <a href="/wiki/Bell_Labs" title="Bell Labs">Bell Labs</a> research center by <a href="/wiki/Ken_Thompson" title="Ken Thompson">Ken Thompson</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dennis_Ritchie" title="Dennis Ritchie">Dennis Ritchie</a>, and others.<sup id="cite_ref-Ritchie_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ritchie-3">[3]</a></sup>
</p><p>Initially intended for use inside the <a href="/wiki/Bell_System" title="Bell System">Bell System</a>, AT&T <a href="/wiki/License" title="License">licensed</a> Unix to outside parties in the late 1970s, leading to a variety of both academic and commercial Unix variants from vendors including <a href="/wiki/University_of_California,_Berkeley" title="University of California, Berkeley">University of California, Berkeley</a> (<a href="/wiki/Berkeley_Software_Distribution" title="Berkeley Software Distribution">BSD</a>), <a href="/wiki/Microsoft" title="Microsoft">Microsoft</a> (<a href="/wiki/Xenix" title="Xenix">Xenix</a>), <a href="/wiki/Sun_Microsystems" title="Sun Microsystems">Sun Microsystems</a> (<a href="/wiki/SunOS" title="SunOS">SunOS</a>/<a href="/wiki/Solaris_(operating_system)" title="Solaris (operating system)">Solaris</a>), <a href="/wiki/Hewlett-Packard" title="Hewlett-Packard">HP</a>/<a href="/wiki/Hewlett_Packard_Enterprise" title="Hewlett Packard Enterprise">HPE</a> (<a href="/wiki/HP-UX" title="HP-UX">HP-UX</a>), and <a href="/wiki/IBM" title="IBM">IBM</a> (<a href="/wiki/AIX" class="mw-redirect" title="AIX">AIX</a>). In the early 1990s, AT&T sold its rights in Unix to <a href="/wiki/Novell" title="Novell">Novell</a>, which then sold its Unix business to the <a href="/wiki/Santa_Cruz_Operation" title="Santa Cruz Operation">Santa Cruz Operation</a> (SCO) in 1995.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a></sup> The UNIX trademark passed to <a href="/wiki/The_Open_Group" title="The Open Group">The Open Group</a>, a neutral industry consortium founded in 1996, which allows the use of the mark for certified operating systems that comply with the <a href="/wiki/Single_UNIX_Specification" title="Single UNIX Specification">Single UNIX Specification</a> (SUS). However, Novell continues to own the Unix copyrights, which the <a href="/wiki/SCO_Group,_Inc._v._Novell,_Inc." title="SCO Group, Inc. v. Novell, Inc.">SCO Group, Inc. v. Novell, Inc.</a> court case (2010) confirmed.
</p><p>Unix systems are characterized by a <a href="/wiki/Modular_design" title="Modular design">modular design</a> that is sometimes called the "<a href="/wiki/Unix_philosophy" title="Unix philosophy">Unix philosophy</a>". According to this philosophy, the operating system should provide a set of simple tools, each of which performs a limited, well-defined function.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a></sup> A unified <a href="/wiki/Filesystem" class="mw-redirect" title="Filesystem">filesystem</a> (the <a href="/wiki/Unix_filesystem" title="Unix filesystem">Unix filesystem</a>) and an <a href="/wiki/Inter-process_communication" title="Inter-process communication">inter-process communication</a> mechanism known as "<a href="/wiki/Pipeline_(Unix)" title="Pipeline (Unix)">pipes</a>" serve as the main means of communication,<sup id="cite_ref-Ritchie_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ritchie-3">[3]</a></sup> and a <a href="/wiki/Shell_(computing)" title="Shell (computing)">shell</a> scripting and command language (the <a href="/wiki/Unix_shell" title="Unix shell">Unix shell</a>) is used to combine the tools to perform complex workflows.
</p><p>Unix distinguishes itself from its predecessors as the first <a href="/wiki/Software_portability" title="Software portability">portable</a> operating system: almost the entire operating system is written in the <a href="/wiki/C_(programming_language)" title="C (programming language)">C programming language</a>, which allows Unix to operate on numerous platforms.<sup id="cite_ref-dottcl_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dottcl-6">[6]</a></sup>
</p>
<div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none" /><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><span class="toctogglespan"><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></span></div>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Overview"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Overview</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="#History"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">History</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-3"><a href="#Standards"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Standards</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-4"><a href="#Components"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">Components</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-5"><a href="#Impact"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">Impact</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-6"><a href="#Free_Unix_and_Unix-like_variants"><span class="tocnumber">5.1</span> <span class="toctext">Free Unix and Unix-like variants</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-7"><a href="#ARPANET"><span class="tocnumber">5.2</span> <span class="toctext">ARPANET</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-8"><a href="#Branding"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">Branding</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-9"><a href="#See_also"><span class="tocnumber">7</span> <span class="toctext">See also</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-10"><a href="#References"><span class="tocnumber">8</span> <span class="toctext">References</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-11"><a href="#Further_reading"><span class="tocnumber">9</span> <span class="toctext">Further reading</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-12"><a href="#External_links"><span class="tocnumber">10</span> <span class="toctext">External links</span></a></li>
</ul>
</div>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Overview">Overview</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Unix&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Overview">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Version_7_Unix_SIMH_PDP11_Emulation_DMR.png" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Version_7_Unix_SIMH_PDP11_Emulation_DMR.png/220px-Version_7_Unix_SIMH_PDP11_Emulation_DMR.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="140" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Version_7_Unix_SIMH_PDP11_Emulation_DMR.png/330px-Version_7_Unix_SIMH_PDP11_Emulation_DMR.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Version_7_Unix_SIMH_PDP11_Emulation_DMR.png/440px-Version_7_Unix_SIMH_PDP11_Emulation_DMR.png 2x" data-file-width="652" data-file-height="416" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Version_7_Unix_SIMH_PDP11_Emulation_DMR.png" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div><a href="/wiki/Version_7_Unix" title="Version 7 Unix">Version 7 Unix</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Research_Unix" title="Research Unix">Research Unix</a> ancestor of all modern Unix systems</div></div></div>
<p>Unix was originally meant to be a convenient platform for programmers developing software to be run on it and on other systems, rather than for non-programmers.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a></sup> The system grew larger as the operating system started spreading in academic circles, and as users added their own tools to the system and shared them with colleagues.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a></sup>
</p><p>At first, Unix was not designed to be <a href="/wiki/Porting" title="Porting">portable</a><sup id="cite_ref-dottcl_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dottcl-6">[6]</a></sup> or for <a href="/wiki/Computer_multitasking" title="Computer multitasking">multi-tasking</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-DMR_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DMR-10">[10]</a></sup> Later, Unix gradually gained portability, multi-tasking and <a href="/wiki/Multi-user" class="mw-redirect" title="Multi-user">multi-user</a> capabilities in a <a href="/wiki/Time-sharing" title="Time-sharing">time-sharing</a> configuration. Unix systems are characterized by various concepts: the use of <a href="/wiki/Plain_text" title="Plain text">plain text</a> for storing data; a hierarchical <a href="/wiki/File_system" title="File system">file system</a>; treating devices and certain types of <a href="/wiki/Inter-process_communication" title="Inter-process communication">inter-process communication</a> (IPC) as files; and the use of a large number of <a href="/wiki/Programming_tool" title="Programming tool">software tools</a>, small programs that can be strung together through a <a href="/wiki/Command-line_interpreter" class="mw-redirect" title="Command-line interpreter">command-line interpreter</a> using <a href="/wiki/Pipeline_(Unix)" title="Pipeline (Unix)">pipes</a>, as opposed to using a single monolithic program that includes all of the same functionality. These concepts are collectively known as the "<a href="/wiki/Unix_philosophy" title="Unix philosophy">Unix philosophy</a>". <a href="/wiki/Brian_Kernighan" title="Brian Kernighan">Brian Kernighan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rob_Pike" title="Rob Pike">Rob Pike</a> summarize this in <i><a href="/wiki/The_Unix_Programming_Environment" title="The Unix Programming Environment">The Unix Programming Environment</a></i> as "the idea that the power of a system comes more from the relationships among programs than from the programs themselves".<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a></sup>
</p><p>By the early 1980s, users began seeing Unix as a potential universal operating system, suitable for computers of all sizes.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a></sup> The Unix environment and the <a href="/wiki/Client%E2%80%93server" class="mw-redirect" title="Client–server">client–server</a> program model were essential elements in the development of the <a href="/wiki/Internet" title="Internet">Internet</a> and the reshaping of computing as centered in <a href="/wiki/Computer_networking" class="mw-redirect" title="Computer networking">networks</a> rather than in individual computers.
</p><p>Both Unix and the <a href="/wiki/C_(programming_language)" title="C (programming language)">C programming language</a> were developed by AT&T and distributed to government and academic institutions, which led to both being ported to a wider variety of machine families than any other operating system.
</p><p>The Unix operating system consists of many libraries and utilities along with the master control program, the <a href="/wiki/Kernel_(operating_system)" title="Kernel (operating system)">kernel</a>. The kernel provides services to start and stop programs, handles the <a href="/wiki/File_system" title="File system">file system</a> and other common "low-level" tasks that most programs share, and schedules access to avoid conflicts when programs try to access the same resource or device simultaneously. To mediate such access, the kernel has special rights, reflected in the distinction of <i>kernel space</i> from <a href="/wiki/User_space" title="User space">user space</a>, the latter being a priority realm where most application programs operate.
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="History">History</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Unix&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_Unix" title="History of Unix">History of Unix</a></div>
<div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Ken_Thompson_(sitting)_and_Dennis_Ritchie_at_PDP-11_(2876612463).jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Ken_Thompson_%28sitting%29_and_Dennis_Ritchie_at_PDP-11_%282876612463%29.jpg/220px-Ken_Thompson_%28sitting%29_and_Dennis_Ritchie_at_PDP-11_%282876612463%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="176" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Ken_Thompson_%28sitting%29_and_Dennis_Ritchie_at_PDP-11_%282876612463%29.jpg/330px-Ken_Thompson_%28sitting%29_and_Dennis_Ritchie_at_PDP-11_%282876612463%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Ken_Thompson_%28sitting%29_and_Dennis_Ritchie_at_PDP-11_%282876612463%29.jpg/440px-Ken_Thompson_%28sitting%29_and_Dennis_Ritchie_at_PDP-11_%282876612463%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2606" data-file-height="2087" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Ken_Thompson_(sitting)_and_Dennis_Ritchie_at_PDP-11_(2876612463).jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div><a href="/wiki/Ken_Thompson" title="Ken Thompson">Ken Thompson</a> (sitting) and <a href="/wiki/Dennis_Ritchie" title="Dennis Ritchie">Dennis Ritchie</a> working together at a <a href="/wiki/PDP-11" title="PDP-11">PDP-11</a></div></div></div>
<p>The origins of Unix date back to the mid-1960s when the <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology" title="Massachusetts Institute of Technology">Massachusetts Institute of Technology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bell_Labs" title="Bell Labs">Bell Labs</a>, and <a href="/wiki/General_Electric" title="General Electric">General Electric</a> were developing <a href="/wiki/Multics" title="Multics">Multics</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Time-sharing" title="Time-sharing">time-sharing</a> operating system for the <a href="/wiki/GE-600_series" title="GE-600 series">GE-645</a> mainframe computer.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a></sup>
Multics featured <a href="/wiki/Multics#Novel_ideas" title="Multics">several innovations</a>, but also presented severe problems. Frustrated by the size and complexity of Multics, but not by its goals, individual researchers at Bell Labs started withdrawing from the project. The last to leave were <a href="/wiki/Ken_Thompson" title="Ken Thompson">Ken Thompson</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dennis_Ritchie" title="Dennis Ritchie">Dennis Ritchie</a>, <a href="/wiki/Douglas_McIlroy" title="Douglas McIlroy">Douglas McIlroy</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Joe_Ossanna" title="Joe Ossanna">Joe Ossanna</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-DMR_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DMR-10">[10]</a></sup> who decided to reimplement their experiences in a new project of smaller scale. This new operating system was initially without organizational backing, and also without a name.
</p><p>The new operating system was a single-tasking system.<sup id="cite_ref-DMR_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DMR-10">[10]</a></sup> In 1970, the group coined the name <i>Unics</i> for <i>Uniplexed Information and Computing Service</i> (pronounced "<a href="/wiki/Eunuch" title="Eunuch">eunuchs</a>"), as a <a href="/wiki/Word_play" title="Word play">pun</a> on <i>Multics</i>, which stood for <i>Multiplexed Information and Computer Services</i>. <a href="/wiki/Brian_Kernighan" title="Brian Kernighan">Brian Kernighan</a> takes credit for the idea, but adds that "no one can remember" the origin of the final spelling <i>Unix</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a></sup> Dennis Ritchie,<sup id="cite_ref-DMR_10-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DMR-10">[10]</a></sup> Doug McIlroy,<sup id="cite_ref-reader_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-reader-1">[1]</a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Peter_G._Neumann" title="Peter G. Neumann">Peter G. Neumann</a><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a></sup> also credit Kernighan.
</p><p>The operating system was originally written in <a href="/wiki/Assembly_language" title="Assembly language">assembly language</a>,
but in 1973, Version 4 Unix was rewritten in <a href="/wiki/C_(programming_language)" title="C (programming language)">C</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-DMR_10-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DMR-10">[10]</a></sup> Version 4 Unix, however, still had many <a href="/wiki/PDP-11" title="PDP-11">PDP-11</a> dependent codes, and was not suitable for porting. The first port to another platform was made five years later (1978) for the <a href="/wiki/Interdata_7/32_and_8/32" title="Interdata 7/32 and 8/32">Interdata 8/32</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a></sup>
</p><p>Bell Labs produced several versions of Unix that are collectively referred to as "<a href="/wiki/Research_Unix" title="Research Unix">Research Unix</a>". In 1975, the first source license for <i>UNIX</i> was sold to <a href="/wiki/Donald_B._Gillies" title="Donald B. Gillies">Donald B. Gillies</a> at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Illinois_at_Urbana%E2%80%93Champaign" title="University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign">University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign</a> Department of Computer Science.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a></sup> UIUC graduate student Greg Chesson, who had worked on the UNIX kernel at Bell Labs, was instrumental in negotiating the terms of the license.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a></sup>
</p><p>During the late 1970s and early 1980s, the influence of Unix in academic circles led to large-scale adoption of Unix (<a href="/wiki/BSD" class="mw-redirect" title="BSD">BSD</a> and <a href="/wiki/System_V" class="mw-redirect" title="System V">System V</a>) by commercial startups, which in turn led to Unix fragmenting into multiple, similar but often slightly mutually-incompatible systems including <a href="/wiki/DYNIX" title="DYNIX">DYNIX</a>, <a href="/wiki/HP-UX" title="HP-UX">HP-UX</a>, <a href="/wiki/SunOS" title="SunOS">SunOS</a>/<a href="/wiki/Solaris_(operating_system)" title="Solaris (operating system)">Solaris</a>, <a href="/wiki/AIX_operating_system" class="mw-redirect" title="AIX operating system">AIX</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Xenix" title="Xenix">Xenix</a>. In the late 1980s, AT&T <a href="/wiki/Unix_System_Laboratories" title="Unix System Laboratories">Unix System Laboratories</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sun_Microsystems" title="Sun Microsystems">Sun Microsystems</a> developed System V Release 4 (<a href="/wiki/SVR4" class="mw-redirect" title="SVR4">SVR4</a>), which was subsequently adopted by many commercial Unix vendors.
</p><p>In the 1990s, Unix and <a href="/wiki/Unix-like" title="Unix-like">Unix-like</a> systems grew in popularity and became the operating system of choice for <a href="/wiki/Usage_share_of_operating_systems#Supercomputers" title="Usage share of operating systems">over 90% of the world's top 500 fastest supercomputers</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-top500osfam201706_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-top500osfam201706-20">[20]</a></sup> as BSD and <a href="/wiki/Linux" title="Linux">Linux</a> distributions were developed through collaboration by a worldwide network of programmers. In 2000, Apple released <a href="/wiki/Darwin_(operating_system)" title="Darwin (operating system)">Darwin</a>, also a Unix system, which became the core of the Mac OS X operating system, later renamed <a href="/wiki/MacOS" title="MacOS">macOS</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a></sup>
</p><p>Unix operating systems are widely used in modern <a href="/wiki/Server_(computing)" title="Server (computing)">servers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Workstation" title="Workstation">workstations</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Mobile_device" title="Mobile device">mobile devices</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a></sup>
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Standards">Standards</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Unix&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Standards">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/wiki/File:CDE_2012_on_Linux.png" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/CDE_2012_on_Linux.png/220px-CDE_2012_on_Linux.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="166" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/CDE_2012_on_Linux.png/330px-CDE_2012_on_Linux.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/CDE_2012_on_Linux.png/440px-CDE_2012_on_Linux.png 2x" data-file-width="1013" data-file-height="765" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:CDE_2012_on_Linux.png" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>The <a href="/wiki/Common_Desktop_Environment" title="Common Desktop Environment">Common Desktop Environment</a> (CDE), part of the <a href="/wiki/Common_Open_Software_Environment" title="Common Open Software Environment">COSE initiative</a></div></div></div>
<p>In the late 1980s, an open operating system standardization effort now known as <a href="/wiki/POSIX" title="POSIX">POSIX</a> provided a common baseline for all operating systems; <a href="/wiki/IEEE" class="mw-redirect" title="IEEE">IEEE</a> based POSIX around the common structure of the major competing variants of the Unix system, publishing the first POSIX standard in 1988. In the early 1990s, a separate but very similar effort was started by an industry consortium, the <a href="/wiki/Common_Open_Software_Environment" title="Common Open Software Environment">Common Open Software Environment</a> (COSE) initiative, which eventually became the <a href="/wiki/Single_UNIX_Specification" title="Single UNIX Specification">Single UNIX Specification</a> (SUS) administered by <a href="/wiki/The_Open_Group" title="The Open Group">The Open Group</a>. Starting in 1998, the Open Group and IEEE started the <a href="/wiki/Austin_Group" title="Austin Group">Austin Group</a>, to provide a common definition of POSIX and the Single UNIX Specification, which, by 2008, had become the Open Group Base Specification.
</p><p>In 1999, in an effort towards compatibility, several Unix system vendors agreed on SVR4's <a href="/wiki/Executable_and_Linkable_Format" title="Executable and Linkable Format">Executable and Linkable Format</a> (ELF) as the standard for binary and object code files. The common format allows substantial binary compatibility among different Unix systems operating on the same CPU architecture.
</p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Filesystem_Hierarchy_Standard" title="Filesystem Hierarchy Standard">Filesystem Hierarchy Standard</a> was created to provide a reference directory layout for Unix-like operating systems; it has mainly been used in Linux.
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Components">Components</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Unix&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Components">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_Unix_commands" title="List of Unix commands">List of Unix commands</a></div>
<table class="box-Unreferenced plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div style="width:52px"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Unix&action=edit">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Unix%22">"Unix"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Unix%22+-wikipedia">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.google.com/search?&q=%22Unix%22+site:news.google.com/newspapers&source=newspapers">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Unix%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Unix%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Unix%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <small class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">January 2017</span>)</i></small><small class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this template message</a>)</i></small></div></td></tr></tbody></table>
<p>The Unix system is composed of several components that were originally packaged together. By including the development environment, libraries, documents and the portable, modifiable source code for all of these components, in addition to the <a href="/wiki/Kernel_(computer_science)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kernel (computer science)">kernel</a> of an operating system, Unix was a self-contained software system. This was one of the key reasons it emerged as an important teaching and learning tool and has had such a broad influence.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch"><span title="The material near this tag may use weasel words or too-vague attribution. (April 2015)">according to whom?</span></a></i>]</sup>
</p><p>The inclusion of these components did not make the system large –  the original V7 UNIX distribution, consisting of copies of all of the compiled binaries plus all of the source code and documentation occupied less than 10 MB and arrived on a single nine-track <a href="/wiki/Magnetic_tape_data_storage" title="Magnetic tape data storage">magnetic tape</a>. The printed documentation, typeset from the online sources, was contained in two volumes.
</p><p>The names and filesystem locations of the Unix components have changed substantially across the history of the system. Nonetheless, the V7 implementation is considered by many<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch"><span title="The material near this tag possibly uses too-vague attribution or weasel words. (February 2014)">who?</span></a></i>]</sup> to have the canonical early structure:
</p>
<ul><li><i>Kernel</i> –  source code in /usr/sys, composed of several sub-components:
<ul><li><i>conf</i> –  configuration and machine-dependent parts, including boot code</li>
<li><i>dev</i> –  device drivers for control of hardware (and some pseudo-hardware)</li>
<li><i>sys</i> –  operating system "kernel", handling memory management, process scheduling, system calls, etc.</li>
<li><i>h</i> –  header files, defining key structures within the system and important system-specific invariables</li></ul></li>
<li><i>Development environment</i> –  early versions of Unix contained a development environment sufficient to recreate the entire system from source code:
<ul><li><i>cc</i> –  <a href="/wiki/C_(programming_language)" title="C (programming language)">C language</a> compiler (first appeared in V3 Unix)</li>
<li><i>as</i> –  machine-language assembler for the machine</li>
<li><i>ld</i> –  linker, for combining object files</li>
<li><i>lib</i> –  object-code libraries (installed in /lib or /usr/lib). <i><a href="/wiki/Libc" class="mw-redirect" title="Libc">libc</a></i>, the system library with C run-time support, was the primary library, but there have always been additional libraries for things such as mathematical functions (<i><a href="/wiki/Libm" class="mw-redirect" title="Libm">libm</a></i>) or database access. V7 Unix introduced the first version of the modern "Standard I/O" library <i>stdio</i> as part of the system library. Later implementations increased the number of libraries significantly.</li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Make_(software)" title="Make (software)">make</a></i> –  build manager (introduced in <a href="/wiki/PWB/UNIX" title="PWB/UNIX">PWB/UNIX</a>), for effectively automating the build process</li>
<li><i>include</i> –  header files for software development, defining standard interfaces and system invariants</li>
<li><i>Other languages</i> –  V7 Unix contained a Fortran-77 compiler, a programmable arbitrary-precision calculator (<i>bc</i>, <i>dc</i>), and the <a href="/wiki/Awk" class="mw-redirect" title="Awk">awk</a> scripting language; later versions and implementations contain many other language compilers and toolsets. Early BSD releases included <a href="/wiki/Pascal_(programming_language)" title="Pascal (programming language)">Pascal</a> tools, and many modern Unix systems also include the <a href="/wiki/GNU_Compiler_Collection" title="GNU Compiler Collection">GNU Compiler Collection</a> as well as or instead of a proprietary compiler system.</li>
<li><i>Other tools</i> –  including an object-code archive manager (<i><a href="/wiki/Ar_(Unix)" title="Ar (Unix)">ar</a></i>), symbol-table lister (<i>nm</i>), compiler-development tools (e.g. <i><a href="/wiki/Lex_(software)" title="Lex (software)">lex</a></i> & <i><a href="/wiki/Yacc" title="Yacc">yacc</a></i>), and debugging tools.</li></ul></li>
<li><i>Commands</i> –  Unix makes little distinction between commands (user-level programs) for system operation and maintenance (e.g. <i><a href="/wiki/Cron" title="Cron">cron</a></i>), commands of general utility (e.g. <i><a href="/wiki/Grep" title="Grep">grep</a></i>), and more general-purpose applications such as the text formatting and typesetting package. Nonetheless, some major categories are:
<ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Bourne_shell" title="Bourne shell">sh</a></i> –  the "shell" programmable <a href="/wiki/Command-line_interpreter" class="mw-redirect" title="Command-line interpreter">command-line interpreter</a>, the primary user interface on Unix before window systems appeared, and even afterward (within a "command window").</li>
<li><i>Utilities</i> –  the core toolkit of the Unix command set, including <i><a href="/wiki/Cp_(Unix)" title="Cp (Unix)">cp</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Ls" title="Ls">ls</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Grep" title="Grep">grep</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Find_(Unix)" title="Find (Unix)">find</a></i> and many others. Subcategories include:
<ul><li><i>System utilities</i> –  administrative tools such as <i><a href="/wiki/Mkfs" title="Mkfs">mkfs</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Fsck" title="Fsck">fsck</a></i>, and many others.</li>
<li><i>User utilities</i> –  environment management tools such as <i>passwd</i>, <i>kill</i>, and others.</li></ul></li>
<li><i>Document formatting</i> –  Unix systems were used from the outset for document preparation and typesetting systems, and included many related programs such as <i><a href="/wiki/Nroff" title="Nroff">nroff</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Troff" title="Troff">troff</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Tbl" title="Tbl">tbl</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Eqn_(software)" title="Eqn (software)">eqn</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Refer_(software)" title="Refer (software)">refer</a></i>, and <i><a href="/wiki/Pic_language" title="Pic language">pic</a></i>. Some modern Unix systems also include packages such as <a href="/wiki/TeX" title="TeX">TeX</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ghostscript" title="Ghostscript">Ghostscript</a>.</li>
<li><i>Graphics</i> –  the <i>plot</i> subsystem provided facilities for producing simple vector plots in a device-independent format, with device-specific interpreters to display such files. Modern Unix systems also generally include <a href="/wiki/X11" class="mw-redirect" title="X11">X11</a> as a standard windowing system and <a href="/wiki/GUI" class="mw-redirect" title="GUI">GUI</a>, and many support <a href="/wiki/OpenGL" title="OpenGL">OpenGL</a>.</li>
<li><i>Communications</i> –  early Unix systems contained no inter-system communication, but did include the inter-user communication programs <i>mail</i> and <i>write</i>. V7 introduced the early inter-system communication system <a href="/wiki/UUCP" title="UUCP">UUCP</a>, and systems beginning with BSD release 4.1c included <a href="/wiki/TCP/IP" class="mw-redirect" title="TCP/IP">TCP/IP</a> utilities.</li></ul></li>
<li><i>Documentation</i> –  Unix was the first<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2015)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> operating system to include all of its documentation online in machine-readable form. The documentation included:
<ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Man_page" title="Man page">man</a></i> –  manual pages for each command, library component, <a href="/wiki/System_call" title="System call">system call</a>, header file, etc.</li>
<li><i>doc</i> –  longer documents detailing major subsystems, such as the C language and troff</li></ul></li></ul>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Impact">Impact</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Unix&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Impact">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Unix-like" title="Unix-like">Unix-like</a></div>
<table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div style="width:52px"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Unix&action=edit">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Unix%22">"Unix"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Unix%22+-wikipedia">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.google.com/search?&q=%22Unix%22+site:news.google.com/newspapers&source=newspapers">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Unix%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Unix%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Unix%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <small class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">January 2017</span>)</i></small><small class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this template message</a>)</i></small></div></td></tr></tbody></table>
<div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Ken_Thompson_and_Dennis_Ritchie--1973.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Ken_Thompson_and_Dennis_Ritchie--1973.jpg/220px-Ken_Thompson_and_Dennis_Ritchie--1973.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="143" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1b/Ken_Thompson_and_Dennis_Ritchie--1973.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="310" data-file-height="201" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Ken_Thompson_and_Dennis_Ritchie--1973.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div><a href="/wiki/Ken_Thompson" title="Ken Thompson">Ken Thompson</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dennis_Ritchie" title="Dennis Ritchie">Dennis Ritchie</a>, principal developers of <a href="/wiki/Research_Unix" title="Research Unix">Research Unix</a></div></div></div>
<div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Usenix84_1.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Usenix84_1.jpg/220px-Usenix84_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Usenix84_1.jpg/330px-Usenix84_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Usenix84_1.jpg/440px-Usenix84_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4584" data-file-height="3032" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Usenix84_1.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>Photo from <a href="/wiki/USENIX" title="USENIX">USENIX</a> 1984, including <a href="/wiki/Dennis_Ritchie" title="Dennis Ritchie">Dennis Ritchie</a> (center)</div></div></div>
<div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Plan_9_from_Bell_Labs_(with_acme).png" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Plan_9_from_Bell_Labs_%28with_acme%29.png/220px-Plan_9_from_Bell_Labs_%28with_acme%29.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Plan_9_from_Bell_Labs_%28with_acme%29.png/330px-Plan_9_from_Bell_Labs_%28with_acme%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Plan_9_from_Bell_Labs_%28with_acme%29.png/440px-Plan_9_from_Bell_Labs_%28with_acme%29.png 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Plan_9_from_Bell_Labs_(with_acme).png" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div><a href="/wiki/Plan_9_from_Bell_Labs" title="Plan 9 from Bell Labs">Plan 9 from Bell Labs</a> extends Unix design principles and was developed as a successor to Unix.</div></div></div>
<p>The Unix system had a significant impact on other operating systems. It achieved its reputation by its interactivity, by providing the software at a nominal fee for educational use, by running on inexpensive hardware, and by being easy to adapt and move to different machines. Unix was originally written in <a href="/wiki/Assembly_language" title="Assembly language">assembly language</a>, but was soon rewritten in <a href="/wiki/C_(programming_language)" title="C (programming language)">C</a>, a <a href="/wiki/High-level_programming_language" title="High-level programming language">high-level programming language</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a></sup> Although this followed the lead of <a href="/wiki/Multics" title="Multics">Multics</a> and <a href="/wiki/Burroughs_large_systems" title="Burroughs large systems">Burroughs</a>, it was Unix that popularized the idea.
</p><p>Unix had a drastically simplified file model compared to many contemporary operating systems: treating all kinds of files as simple byte arrays. The file system hierarchy contained machine services and devices (such as <a href="/wiki/Computer_printer" class="mw-redirect" title="Computer printer">printers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Computer_terminal" title="Computer terminal">terminals</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Disk_drive" class="mw-redirect" title="Disk drive">disk drives</a>), providing a uniform interface, but at the expense of occasionally requiring additional mechanisms such as <a href="/wiki/Ioctl" title="Ioctl">ioctl</a> and mode flags to access features of the hardware that did not fit the simple "stream of bytes" model. The <a href="/wiki/Plan_9_from_Bell_Labs" title="Plan 9 from Bell Labs">Plan 9</a> operating system pushed this model even further and eliminated the need for additional mechanisms.
</p><p>Unix also popularized the hierarchical file system with arbitrarily nested subdirectories, originally introduced by Multics. Other common operating systems of the era had ways to divide a storage device into multiple directories or sections, but they had a fixed number of levels, often only one level. Several major proprietary operating systems eventually added recursive subdirectory capabilities also patterned after Multics. DEC's <a href="/wiki/RSX-11" title="RSX-11">RSX-11</a>M's "group, user" hierarchy evolved into <a href="/wiki/Virtual_Memory_System" class="mw-redirect" title="Virtual Memory System">VMS</a> directories, <a href="/wiki/CP/M" title="CP/M">CP/M</a>'s volumes evolved into <a href="/wiki/MS-DOS" title="MS-DOS">MS-DOS</a> 2.0+ subdirectories, and HP's <a href="/wiki/HP_Multi-Programming_Executive" title="HP Multi-Programming Executive">MPE</a> group.account hierarchy and IBM's <a href="/wiki/System_Support_Program" class="mw-redirect" title="System Support Program">SSP</a> and <a href="/wiki/OS/400" class="mw-redirect" title="OS/400">OS/400</a> library systems were folded into broader POSIX file systems.
</p><p>Making the command interpreter an ordinary user-level program, with additional commands provided as separate programs, was another Multics innovation popularized by Unix. The <a href="/wiki/Unix_shell" title="Unix shell">Unix shell</a> used the same language for interactive commands as for scripting (<a href="/wiki/Shell_script" title="Shell script">shell scripts</a> – there was no separate job control language like IBM's <a href="/wiki/Job_Control_Language" title="Job Control Language">JCL</a>). Since the shell and OS commands were "just another program", the user could choose (or even write) their own shell. New commands could be added without changing the shell itself. Unix's innovative command-line syntax for creating modular chains of producer-consumer processes (<a href="/wiki/Pipeline_(Unix)" title="Pipeline (Unix)">pipelines</a>) made a powerful programming paradigm (<a href="/wiki/Coroutine" title="Coroutine">coroutines</a>) widely available. Many later command-line interpreters have been inspired by the Unix shell.
</p><p>A fundamental simplifying assumption of Unix was its focus on <a href="/wiki/Newline" title="Newline">newline</a>-<a href="/wiki/Delimiter" title="Delimiter">delimited</a> text for nearly all file formats. There were no "binary" editors in the original version of Unix – the entire system was configured using textual shell command scripts. The common denominator in the I/O system was the byte – unlike <a href="/wiki/Record-oriented_filesystem" title="Record-oriented filesystem">"record-based" file systems</a>. The focus on text for representing nearly everything made Unix pipes especially useful and encouraged the development of simple, general tools that could be easily combined to perform more complicated <i>ad hoc</i> tasks. The focus on text and bytes made the system far more scalable and portable than other systems. Over time, text-based applications have also proven popular in application areas, such as printing languages (<a href="/wiki/PostScript" title="PostScript">PostScript</a>, <a href="/wiki/ODF" class="mw-redirect" title="ODF">ODF</a>), and at the application layer of the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Protocol_Suite" class="mw-redirect" title="Internet Protocol Suite">Internet protocols</a>, e.g., <a href="/wiki/File_Transfer_Protocol" title="File Transfer Protocol">FTP</a>, <a href="/wiki/Simple_Mail_Transfer_Protocol" title="Simple Mail Transfer Protocol">SMTP</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hypertext_Transfer_Protocol" title="Hypertext Transfer Protocol">HTTP</a>, <a href="/wiki/SOAP" title="SOAP">SOAP</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Session_Initiation_Protocol" title="Session Initiation Protocol">SIP</a>.
</p><p>Unix popularized a syntax for <a href="/wiki/Regular_expression" title="Regular expression">regular expressions</a> that found widespread use. The Unix programming interface became the basis for a widely implemented operating system interface standard (POSIX, see above). The <a href="/wiki/C_(programming_language)" title="C (programming language)">C programming language</a> soon spread beyond Unix, and is now ubiquitous in systems and applications programming.
</p><p>Early Unix developers were important in bringing the concepts of <a href="/wiki/Modularity_(programming)" class="mw-redirect" title="Modularity (programming)">modularity</a> and <a href="/wiki/Reusability" title="Reusability">reusability</a> into <a href="/wiki/Software_engineering" title="Software engineering">software engineering</a> practice, spawning a "software tools" movement. Over time, the leading developers of Unix (and programs that ran on it) established a set of cultural norms for developing software, norms which became as important and influential as the technology of Unix itself; this has been termed the <a href="/wiki/Unix_philosophy" title="Unix philosophy">Unix philosophy</a>.
</p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Internet_protocol_suite" title="Internet protocol suite">TCP/IP networking protocols</a> were quickly implemented on the Unix versions widely used on relatively inexpensive computers, which contributed to the <a href="/wiki/Internet" title="Internet">Internet</a> explosion of worldwide real-time connectivity, and which formed the basis for implementations on many other platforms.
</p><p>The Unix policy of extensive on-line documentation and (for many years) ready access to all system source code raised programmer expectations, and contributed to the launch of the <a href="/wiki/Free_software_movement" title="Free software movement">free software movement</a> in 1983.
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Free_Unix_and_Unix-like_variants">Free Unix and Unix-like variants</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Unix&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Free Unix and Unix-like variants">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Operating_system#Unix_and_Unix-like_operating_systems" title="Operating system">Operating system § Unix and Unix-like operating systems</a></div>
<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r978413945/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:224px;max-width:224px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:222px;max-width:222px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Debian_6.0_Console_Login.png" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Debian_6.0_Console_Login.png/220px-Debian_6.0_Console_Login.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="130" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Debian_6.0_Console_Login.png/330px-Debian_6.0_Console_Login.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Debian_6.0_Console_Login.png/440px-Debian_6.0_Console_Login.png 2x" data-file-width="730" data-file-height="430" /></a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:222px;max-width:222px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:FreeBSD_9.1_Console_Login.png" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/FreeBSD_9.1_Console_Login.png/220px-FreeBSD_9.1_Console_Login.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="130" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/FreeBSD_9.1_Console_Login.png/330px-FreeBSD_9.1_Console_Login.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/FreeBSD_9.1_Console_Login.png/440px-FreeBSD_9.1_Console_Login.png 2x" data-file-width="730" data-file-height="430" /></a></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption">Console screenshots of <a href="/wiki/Debian" title="Debian">Debian</a> (top, a popular <a href="/wiki/Linux_distribution" title="Linux distribution">Linux distribution</a>) and <a href="/wiki/FreeBSD" title="FreeBSD">FreeBSD</a> (bottom, a popular <a href="/wiki/Unix-like" title="Unix-like">Unix-like</a> operating system)</div></div></div></div>
<p>In 1983, <a href="/wiki/Richard_Stallman" title="Richard Stallman">Richard Stallman</a> announced the <a href="/wiki/GNU" title="GNU">GNU</a> (short for "GNU's Not Unix") project, an ambitious effort to create a <a href="/wiki/Free_software" title="Free software">free software</a> <a href="/wiki/Unix-like" title="Unix-like">Unix-like</a> system; "free" in the sense that everyone who received a copy would be free to use, study, modify, and redistribute it. The GNU project's own kernel development project, <a href="/wiki/GNU_Hurd" title="GNU Hurd">GNU Hurd</a>, had not yet produced a working kernel, but in 1991 <a href="/wiki/Linus_Torvalds" title="Linus Torvalds">Linus Torvalds</a> released the kernel <a href="/wiki/Linux_kernel" title="Linux kernel">Linux</a> as free software under the <a href="/wiki/GNU_General_Public_License" title="GNU General Public License">GNU General Public License</a>. In addition to their use in the <a href="/wiki/GNU" title="GNU">GNU</a> operating system, many GNU packages – such as the <a href="/wiki/GNU_Compiler_Collection" title="GNU Compiler Collection">GNU Compiler Collection</a> (and the rest of the <a href="/wiki/GNU_toolchain" title="GNU toolchain">GNU toolchain</a>), the <a href="/wiki/Glibc" class="mw-redirect" title="Glibc">GNU C library</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Coreutils" class="mw-redirect" title="Coreutils">GNU core utilities</a> – have gone on to play central roles in other free Unix systems as well.
</p><p><a href="/wiki/Linux_distribution" title="Linux distribution">Linux distributions</a>, consisting of the Linux kernel and large collections of compatible software have become popular both with individual users and in business. Popular distributions include <a href="/wiki/Red_Hat_Enterprise_Linux" title="Red Hat Enterprise Linux">Red Hat Enterprise Linux</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fedora_(operating_system)" title="Fedora (operating system)">Fedora</a>, <a href="/wiki/SUSE_Linux" title="SUSE Linux">SUSE Linux Enterprise</a>, <a href="/wiki/OpenSUSE" title="OpenSUSE">openSUSE</a>, <a href="/wiki/Debian" title="Debian">Debian GNU/Linux</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ubuntu_(operating_system)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ubuntu (operating system)">Ubuntu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Linux_Mint" title="Linux Mint">Linux Mint</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mandriva_Linux" title="Mandriva Linux">Mandriva Linux</a>, <a href="/wiki/Slackware_Linux" class="mw-redirect" title="Slackware Linux">Slackware Linux</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arch_Linux" title="Arch Linux">Arch Linux</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gentoo_Linux" title="Gentoo Linux">Gentoo</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a></sup>
</p><p>A free derivative of <a href="/wiki/BSD" class="mw-redirect" title="BSD">BSD</a> Unix, <a href="/wiki/386BSD" title="386BSD">386BSD</a>, was released in 1992 and led to the <a href="/wiki/NetBSD" title="NetBSD">NetBSD</a> and <a href="/wiki/FreeBSD" title="FreeBSD">FreeBSD</a> projects. With the 1994 settlement of a lawsuit brought against the University of California and Berkeley Software Design Inc. (<i><a href="/wiki/USL_v._BSDi" class="mw-redirect" title="USL v. BSDi">USL v. BSDi</a></i>) by <a href="/wiki/Unix_System_Laboratories" title="Unix System Laboratories">Unix System Laboratories</a>, it was clarified that Berkeley had the right to distribute BSD Unix for free if it so desired. Since then, BSD Unix has been developed in several different product branches, including <a href="/wiki/OpenBSD" title="OpenBSD">OpenBSD</a> and <a href="/wiki/DragonFly_BSD" title="DragonFly BSD">DragonFly BSD</a>.
</p><p>Linux and BSD are increasingly filling the market needs traditionally served by proprietary Unix operating systems, as well as expanding into new markets such as the consumer desktop and mobile and embedded devices. Because of the modular design of the Unix model, sharing components is relatively common; consequently, most or all Unix and Unix-like systems include at least some BSD code, and some systems also include GNU utilities in their distributions.
</p><p>In a 1999 interview, Dennis Ritchie voiced his opinion that Linux and BSD operating systems are a continuation of the basis of the Unix design, and are derivatives of Unix:<sup id="cite_ref-Interview_1999_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Interview_1999-25">[25]</a></sup>
</p>
<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r960796168">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 40px}.mw-parser-output .templatequote .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;padding-left:1.6em;margin-top:0}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>I think the Linux phenomenon is quite delightful, because it draws so strongly on the basis that Unix provided. Linux seems to be the among the healthiest of the direct Unix derivatives, though there are also the various BSD systems as well as the more official offerings from the workstation and mainframe manufacturers.</p></blockquote>
<p>In the same interview, he states that he views both Unix and Linux as "the continuation of ideas that were started by Ken and me and many others, many years ago".<sup id="cite_ref-Interview_1999_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Interview_1999-25">[25]</a></sup>
</p><p><a href="/wiki/OpenSolaris" title="OpenSolaris">OpenSolaris</a> was the <a href="/wiki/Free_software" title="Free software">free software</a> counterpart to <a href="/wiki/Solaris_(operating_system)" title="Solaris (operating system)">Solaris</a> developed by <a href="/wiki/Sun_Microsystems" title="Sun Microsystems">Sun Microsystems</a>, which included a <a href="/wiki/CDDL" class="mw-redirect" title="CDDL">CDDL</a>-licensed kernel and a primarily <a href="/wiki/GNU" title="GNU">GNU</a> userland. However, <a href="/wiki/Oracle_Corporation" title="Oracle Corporation">Oracle</a> discontinued the project upon their acquisition of Sun, which prompted a group of former Sun employees and members of the OpenSolaris community to fork OpenSolaris into the <a href="/wiki/Illumos" title="Illumos">illumos</a> kernel. As of 2014, illumos remains the only active open-source System V derivative.
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="ARPANET">ARPANET</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Unix&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: ARPANET">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<p>In May 1975, <a class="external mw-magiclink-rfc" rel="nofollow" href="https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc681">RFC 681</a> described the development of <i>Network Unix</i> by the Center for Advanced Computation at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Illinois_at_Urbana%E2%80%93Champaign" title="University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign">University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign</a>. The system was said to "present several interesting capabilities as an <a href="/wiki/ARPANET" title="ARPANET">ARPANET</a> mini-host". At the time Unix required a license from <a href="/wiki/Bell_Laboratories" class="mw-redirect" title="Bell Laboratories">Bell Laboratories</a> that at $20,000(US) was very expensive for non-<a href="/wiki/University" title="University">university</a> users, while an educational license cost just $150. It was noted that Bell was "open to suggestions" for an ARPANET-wide license.
</p><p>Specific features found beneficial were the local processing facilities, <a href="/wiki/Compiler" title="Compiler">compilers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Text_editor" title="Text editor">editors</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Roff_(software)" title="Roff (software)">document preparation system</a>, efficient file system and access control, <a href="/wiki/Mount_(computing)" title="Mount (computing)">mountable</a> and unmountable volumes, unified treatment of peripherals as <a href="/wiki/Device_file_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Device file system">special files</a>, integration of the <a href="/wiki/Network_Control_Program" title="Network Control Program">network control program</a> (NCP) within the Unix file system, treatment of <a href="/wiki/Connection-oriented_protocol" class="mw-redirect" title="Connection-oriented protocol">network connections</a> as special files that can be accessed through standard Unix <a href="/wiki/System_call" title="System call">I/O calls</a>, closing of all files on program exit, and the decision to be "desirable to minimize the amount of code added to the basic Unix kernel".
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Branding">Branding</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Unix&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Branding">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_Unix_systems" title="List of Unix systems">List of Unix systems</a></div>
<div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/wiki/File:UNIX-Licence-Plate.JPG" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/UNIX-Licence-Plate.JPG/220px-UNIX-Licence-Plate.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="112" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/UNIX-Licence-Plate.JPG/330px-UNIX-Licence-Plate.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/UNIX-Licence-Plate.JPG/440px-UNIX-Licence-Plate.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1022" data-file-height="519" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:UNIX-Licence-Plate.JPG" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>Promotional <a href="/wiki/License_plate" class="mw-redirect" title="License plate">license plate</a> by <a href="/wiki/Digital_Equipment_Corporation" title="Digital Equipment Corporation">Digital Equipment Corporation</a></div></div></div>
<div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/wiki/File:HP-HP9000-C110-Workstation_10.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/HP-HP9000-C110-Workstation_10.jpg/220px-HP-HP9000-C110-Workstation_10.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/HP-HP9000-C110-Workstation_10.jpg/330px-HP-HP9000-C110-Workstation_10.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/HP-HP9000-C110-Workstation_10.jpg/440px-HP-HP9000-C110-Workstation_10.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="2736" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:HP-HP9000-C110-Workstation_10.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div><a href="/wiki/HP9000" class="mw-redirect" title="HP9000">HP9000</a> <a href="/wiki/Workstation" title="Workstation">workstation</a> running <a href="/wiki/HP-UX" title="HP-UX">HP-UX</a>, a certified Unix operating system</div></div></div>
<p>In October 1993, <a href="/wiki/Novell" title="Novell">Novell</a>, the company that owned the rights to the Unix System V source at the time, transferred the <a href="/wiki/Trademark" title="Trademark">trademarks</a> of Unix to the X/Open Company (now <a href="/wiki/The_Open_Group" title="The Open Group">The Open Group</a>),<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated2_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated2-26">[26]</a></sup> and in 1995 sold the related business operations to <a href="/wiki/Santa_Cruz_Operation" title="Santa Cruz Operation">Santa Cruz Operation</a> (SCO).<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated1_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-27">[27]</a></sup> Whether Novell also sold the <a href="/wiki/Copyright" title="Copyright">copyrights</a> to the actual software was the subject of a federal lawsuit in 2006, <i><a href="/wiki/SCO_v._Novell" class="mw-redirect" title="SCO v. Novell">SCO v. Novell</a></i>, which Novell won. The case was appealed, but on August 30, 2011, the United States Court of Appeals for the Tenth Circuit affirmed the trial decisions, closing the case.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a></sup> Unix vendor <a href="/wiki/SCO_Group" title="SCO Group">SCO Group Inc.</a> accused Novell of <a href="/wiki/Slander_of_title" title="Slander of title">slander of title</a>.
</p><p>The present owner of the trademark <i>UNIX</i> is The Open Group, an industry standards consortium. Only systems fully compliant with and certified to the <a href="/wiki/Single_UNIX_Specification" title="Single UNIX Specification">Single UNIX Specification</a> qualify as "UNIX" (others are called "<a href="/wiki/Unix-like" title="Unix-like">Unix-like</a>").
</p><p>By decree of The Open Group, the term "UNIX" refers more to a class of operating systems than to a specific implementation of an operating system; those operating systems which meet The Open Group's Single UNIX Specification should be able to bear the <a href="/wiki/UNIX_98" class="mw-redirect" title="UNIX 98">UNIX 98</a> or <a href="/wiki/UNIX_03" class="mw-redirect" title="UNIX 03">UNIX 03</a> trademarks today, after the operating system's vendor pays a substantial certification fee and annual trademark royalties to The Open Group.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a></sup> Systems that have been licensed to use the UNIX trademark include <a href="/wiki/AIX" class="mw-redirect" title="AIX">AIX</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a></sup> <a href="/wiki/EulerOS" title="EulerOS">EulerOS</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a></sup> <a href="/wiki/HP-UX" title="HP-UX">HP-UX</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Inspur_K-UX" title="Inspur K-UX">Inspur K-UX</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a></sup> <a href="/wiki/IRIX" title="IRIX">IRIX</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a></sup> <a href="/wiki/MacOS" title="MacOS">macOS</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Solaris_(operating_system)" title="Solaris (operating system)">Solaris</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Tru64_UNIX" title="Tru64 UNIX">Tru64 UNIX</a> (formerly "Digital UNIX", or <a href="/wiki/OSF/1" title="OSF/1">OSF/1</a>),<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Z/OS" title="Z/OS">z/OS</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a></sup> Notably, EulerOS and Inspur K-UX are Linux distributions certified as UNIX 03 compliant.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a></sup>
</p><p>Sometimes a representation like <i>Un*x</i>, <i>*NIX</i>, or <i>*N?X</i> is used to indicate all operating systems similar to Unix. This comes from the use of the asterisk (<i>*</i>) and the question mark characters as wildcard indicators in many utilities. This notation is also used to describe other Unix-like systems that have not met the requirements for UNIX branding from the Open Group.
</p><p>The Open Group requests that <i>UNIX</i> is always used as an adjective followed by a generic term such as <i>system</i> to help avoid the creation of a <a href="/wiki/Genericized_trademark" class="mw-redirect" title="Genericized trademark">genericized trademark</a>.
</p><p><i>Unix</i> was the original formatting,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Disputed_statement" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Disputed statement"><span title="This claim has reliable sources with contradicting facts (September 2019)">disputed</span></a> <span class="metadata"> – <a href="/wiki/Talk:Unix#Original_formatting_of_the_name_-_"Unix"_or_"UNIX"?" title="Talk:Unix">discuss</a></span></i>]</sup> but the usage of <i>UNIX</i> remains widespread because it was once typeset in <a href="/wiki/Small_caps" title="Small caps">small caps</a> (<i><span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Unix</span></i>). According to <a href="/wiki/Dennis_Ritchie" title="Dennis Ritchie">Dennis Ritchie</a>, when presenting the original Unix paper to the third Operating Systems Symposium of the American <a href="/wiki/Association_for_Computing_Machinery" title="Association for Computing Machinery">Association for Computing Machinery</a> (ACM), "we had a new typesetter and <i><a href="/wiki/Troff" title="Troff">troff</a></i> had just been invented and we were intoxicated by being able to produce small caps".<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a></sup> Many of the operating system's predecessors and contemporaries used all-uppercase lettering, so many people wrote the name in upper case due to force of habit. It is not an acronym.<sup id="cite_ref-USDT_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-USDT-42">[42]</a></sup>
</p><p>Trademark names can be registered by different entities in different countries and trademark laws in some countries allow the same trademark name to be controlled by two different entities if each entity uses the trademark in easily distinguishable categories. The result is that Unix has been used as a brand name for various products including bookshelves, ink pens, bottled glue, diapers, hair driers and food containers.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a></sup>
</p><p>Several plural forms of Unix are used casually to refer to multiple brands of Unix and Unix-like systems. Most common is the conventional <i>Unixes</i>, but <i>Unices</i>, treating Unix as a <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> noun of the <a href="/wiki/Latin_declension#Third_declension_(i)" title="Latin declension">third declension</a>, is also popular. The pseudo-<a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglo-Saxon language">Anglo-Saxon</a> plural form <i>Unixen</i> is not common, although occasionally seen. <a href="/wiki/Sun_Microsystems" title="Sun Microsystems">Sun Microsystems</a>, developer of the Solaris variant, has asserted that the term <i>Unix</i> is itself plural, referencing its many implementations.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a></sup>
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="See_also">See also</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Unix&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_operating_systems" title="Comparison of operating systems">Comparison of operating systems</a> and <a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_open-source_and_closed-source_software" title="Comparison of open-source and closed-source software">free and proprietary software</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_operating_systems" title="List of operating systems">List of operating systems</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_Unix_systems" title="List of Unix systems">Unix systems</a>, and <a href="/wiki/List_of_Unix_commands" title="List of Unix commands">Unix commands</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Usage_share_of_operating_systems" title="Usage share of operating systems">Market share of operating systems</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_operating_systems" title="Timeline of operating systems">Timeline of operating systems</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Plan_9_from_Bell_Labs" title="Plan 9 from Bell Labs">Plan 9 from Bell Labs</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Unix_time" title="Unix time">Unix time</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Year_2038_problem" title="Year 2038 problem">Year 2038 problem</a></li></ul>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="References">References</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Unix&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: References">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<div class="reflist columns references-column-width" style="-moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em; list-style-type: decimal;">
<ol class="references">
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<li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFRitchieThompson1974" class="citation journal cs1">Ritchie, D. M.; Thompson, K. (1974). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bell-labs.com/usr/dmr/www/cacm.pdf">"The UNIX Time-Sharing System"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Communications of the ACM</i>. <b>17</b> (7): 365–375. <a href="/wiki/CiteSeerX_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="CiteSeerX (identifier)">CiteSeerX</a> <span class="cs1-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.118.1214">10.1.1.118.1214</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1145%2F361011.361061">10.1145/361011.361061</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150611114359/https://www.bell-labs.com/usr/dmr/www/cacm.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 11 June 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Communications+of+the+ACM&rft.atitle=The+UNIX+Time-Sharing+System&rft.volume=17&rft.issue=7&rft.pages=365-375&rft.date=1974&rft_id=%2F%2Fciteseerx.ist.psu.edu%2Fviewdoc%2Fsummary%3Fdoi%3D10.1.1.118.1214&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1145%2F361011.361061&rft.aulast=Ritchie&rft.aufirst=D.+M.&rft.au=Thompson%2C+K.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bell-labs.com%2Fusr%2Fdmr%2Fwww%2Fcacm.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnix" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r951705291"/></span>
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<li id="cite_note-Ritchie-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ritchie_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ritchie_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFRitchieThompson,_K.1978" class="citation journal cs1">Ritchie, D.M.; Thompson, K. (July 1978). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bstj57-6-1905">"The UNIX Time-Sharing System"</a>. <i>Bell System Tech. J</i>. <b>57</b> (6): 1905–1929. <a href="/wiki/CiteSeerX_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="CiteSeerX (identifier)">CiteSeerX</a> <span class="cs1-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.112.595">10.1.1.112.595</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fj.1538-7305.1978.tb02136.x">10.1002/j.1538-7305.1978.tb02136.x</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 9,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bell+System+Tech.+J.&rft.atitle=The+UNIX+Time-Sharing+System&rft.volume=57&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=1905-1929&rft.date=1978-07&rft_id=%2F%2Fciteseerx.ist.psu.edu%2Fviewdoc%2Fsummary%3Fdoi%3D10.1.1.112.595&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2Fj.1538-7305.1978.tb02136.x&rft.aulast=Ritchie&rft.aufirst=D.M.&rft.au=Thompson%2C+K.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbstj57-6-1905&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnix" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r951705291"/></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.novell.com/news/press/archive/1995/12/pr95274.html">"Novell Completes Sale of UnixWare Business to The Santa Cruz Operation | Micro Focus"</a>. <i>www.novell.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151220013149/http://www.novell.com/news/press/archive/1995/12/pr95274.html">Archived</a> from the original on 20 December 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 December</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.novell.com&rft.atitle=Novell+Completes+Sale+of+UnixWare+Business+to+The+Santa+Cruz+Operation+%7C+Micro+Focus&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.novell.com%2Fnews%2Fpress%2Farchive%2F1995%2F12%2Fpr95274.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnix" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r951705291"/></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFRaymond2003" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Eric_S._Raymond" title="Eric S. Raymond">Raymond, Eric</a> (19 September 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.catb.org/~esr/writings/taoup/html/"><i>The Art of Unix Programming</i></a>. Addison-Wesley. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-13-142901-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-13-142901-7"><bdi>978-0-13-142901-7</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090212183726/http://www.catb.org/~esr/writings/taoup/html/">Archived</a> from the original on 12 February 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 February</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Art+of+Unix+Programming&rft.pub=Addison-Wesley&rft.date=2003-09-19&rft.isbn=978-0-13-142901-7&rft.aulast=Raymond&rft.aufirst=Eric&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.catb.org%2F~esr%2Fwritings%2Ftaoup%2Fhtml%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnix" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r951705291"/></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-dottcl-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-dottcl_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-dottcl_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFRitchie1993" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Dennis_Ritchie" title="Dennis Ritchie">Ritchie, Dennis M.</a> (January 1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bell-labs.com/usr/dmr/www/chist.pdf">"The Development of the C Language"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150611114354/https://www.bell-labs.com/usr/dmr/www/chist.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 11 June 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 December</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Development+of+the+C+Language&rft.date=1993-01&rft.aulast=Ritchie&rft.aufirst=Dennis+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bell-labs.com%2Fusr%2Fdmr%2Fwww%2Fchist.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnix" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r951705291"/></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFRaymond2003" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Eric_S._Raymond" title="Eric S. Raymond">Raymond, Eric Steven</a> (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.faqs.org/docs/artu/ch03s01.html">"The Elements of Operating-System Style"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.catb.org/~esr/writings/taoup/html/"><i>The Art of Unix Programming</i></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 16,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Elements+of+Operating-System+Style&rft.btitle=The+Art+of+Unix+Programming&rft.date=2003&rft.aulast=Raymond&rft.aufirst=Eric+Steven&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.faqs.org%2Fdocs%2Fartu%2Fch03s01.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnix" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r951705291"/></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/Whole_Earth_Software_Catalog_1984_Point/Whole_Earth_Software_Catalog_1984_Point_djvu.txt">"Tandy/Radio Shack Book: Whole Earth Software Catalog"</a>. 1984. <q>UNIX was created by software developers for software developers, to give themselves an environment they could completely manipulate.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Tandy%2FRadio+Shack+Book%3A+Whole+Earth+Software+Catalog&rft.date=1984&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2FWhole_Earth_Software_Catalog_1984_Point%2FWhole_Earth_Software_Catalog_1984_Point_djvu.txt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnix" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r951705291"/></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFPowersPeekO'ReillyLoukides2002" class="citation book cs1">Powers, Shelley; Peek, Jerry; O'Reilly, Tim; Loukides, Mike (2002). <i>Unix Power Tools</i>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-596-00330-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-596-00330-2"><bdi>978-0-596-00330-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Unix+Power+Tools&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-596-00330-2&rft.aulast=Powers&rft.aufirst=Shelley&rft.au=Peek%2C+Jerry&rft.au=O%27Reilly%2C+Tim&rft.au=Loukides%2C+Mike&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnix" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r951705291"/></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-DMR-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-DMR_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-DMR_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-DMR_10-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-DMR_10-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-DMR_10-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFRitchie" class="citation web cs1">Ritchie, Dennis M. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bell-labs.com/usr/dmr/www/hist.pdf">"The Evolution of the Unix Time-sharing System"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170403063715/https://www.bell-labs.com/usr/dmr/www/hist.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 3 April 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 January</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Evolution+of+the+Unix+Time-sharing+System&rft.aulast=Ritchie&rft.aufirst=Dennis+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bell-labs.com%2Fusr%2Fdmr%2Fwww%2Fhist.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnix" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r951705291"/></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kernighan, Brian W. Pike, Rob. <i>The UNIX Programming Environment.</i> 1984. viii</span>
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<li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFFiedler,_Ryan1983" class="citation news cs1">Fiedler, Ryan (October 1983). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/byte-magazine-1983-10/1983_10_BYTE_08-10_UNIX#page/n133/mode/2up">"The Unix Tutorial / Part 3: Unix in the Microcomputer Marketplace"</a>. <i>BYTE</i>. p. 132<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 30,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BYTE&rft.atitle=The+Unix+Tutorial+%2F+Part+3%3A+Unix+in+the+Microcomputer+Marketplace&rft.pages=132&rft.date=1983-10&rft.au=Fiedler%2C+Ryan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Fbyte-magazine-1983-10%2F1983_10_BYTE_08-10_UNIX%23page%2Fn133%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnix" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r951705291"/></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/Whole_Earth_Software_Catalog_1984_Point/Whole_Earth_Software_Catalog_1984_Point_djvu.txt">"Tandy/Radio Shack Book: Whole Earth Software Catalog"</a>. 1984. <q>The best thing about UNIX is its portability. UNIX ports across a full range of hardware—from the single-user $5000 IBM PC to the $5 million Cray. For the first time, the point of stability becomes the software environment, not the hardware architecture; UNIX transcends changes in hardware technology, so programs written for the UNIX environment can move into the next generation of hardware.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Tandy%2FRadio+Shack+Book%3A+Whole+Earth+Software+Catalog&rft.date=1984&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2FWhole_Earth_Software_Catalog_1984_Point%2FWhole_Earth_Software_Catalog_1984_Point_djvu.txt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnix" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r951705291"/></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFStuart2009" class="citation book cs1">Stuart, Brian L. (2009). <i>Principles of operating systems: design & applications</i>. Boston, Massachusetts: Thompson Learning. p. 23. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4188-3769-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4188-3769-3"><bdi>978-1-4188-3769-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Principles+of+operating+systems%3A+design+%26+applications&rft.place=Boston%2C+Massachusetts&rft.pages=23&rft.pub=Thompson+Learning&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1-4188-3769-3&rft.aulast=Stuart&rft.aufirst=Brian+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnix" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r951705291"/></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFDolya2003" class="citation web cs1">Dolya, Aleksey (29 July 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.linuxjournal.com/article/7035">"Interview with Brian Kernighan"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Linux_Journal" title="Linux Journal">Linux Journal</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171018090033/https://www.linuxjournal.com/article/7035">Archived</a> from the original on 18 October 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Linux+Journal&rft.atitle=Interview+with+Brian+Kernighan&rft.date=2003-07-29&rft.aulast=Dolya&rft.aufirst=Aleksey&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.linuxjournal.com%2Farticle%2F7035&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnix" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r951705291"/></span>
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<li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFRik_Farrow" class="citation journal cs1">Rik Farrow. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.usenix.org/system/files/login/issues/login_winter17_issue.pdf">"An Interview with Peter G. Neumann"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i><a href="/wiki/;login:" title=";login:">;login:</a></i>. <b>42</b> (4): 38. <q>That then led to Unics (the castrated one-user Multics, so- called due to Brian Kernighan) later becoming UNIX (probably as a result of AT&T lawyers).</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=%3Blogin%3A&rft.atitle=An+Interview+with+Peter+G.+Neumann&rft.volume=42&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=38&rft.au=Rik+Farrow&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.usenix.org%2Fsystem%2Ffiles%2Flogin%2Fissues%2Flogin_winter17_issue.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnix" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r951705291"/></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bell-labs.com/usr/dmr/www/portpap.html">"Portability of C Programs and the UNIX System"</a>. Bell-labs.com<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 24,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Portability+of+C+Programs+and+the+UNIX+System&rft.pub=Bell-labs.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bell-labs.com%2Fusr%2Fdmr%2Fwww%2Fportpap.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnix" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r951705291"/></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFThompson2014" class="citation web cs1">Thompson, Ken (16 September 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ece.ubc.ca/~gillies/mail/dbgillies_ken_thompson.txt">"personal communication, Ken Thompson to Donald W. Gillies"</a>. <i>UBC ECE Website</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160322042314/http://www.ece.ubc.ca/~gillies/mail/dbgillies_ken_thompson.txt">Archived</a> from the original on 22 March 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=UBC+ECE+Website&rft.atitle=personal+communication%2C+Ken+Thompson+to+Donald+W.+Gillies&rft.date=2014-09-16&rft.aulast=Thompson&rft.aufirst=Ken&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ece.ubc.ca%2F~gillies%2Fmail%2Fdbgillies_ken_thompson.txt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnix" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r951705291"/></span>
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<li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFChesson2014" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Greg_Chesson&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Greg Chesson (page does not exist)">Chesson, Greg</a> (12 November 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ece.ubc.ca/~gillies/mail/greg_chesson.txt">"Personal Communication, Greg Chesson to Donald W. Gillies"</a>. <i>UBC ECE Website</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160322041058/http://www.ece.ubc.ca/~gillies/mail/greg_chesson.txt">Archived</a> from the original on 22 March 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=UBC+ECE+Website&rft.atitle=Personal+Communication%2C+Greg+Chesson+to+Donald+W.+Gillies&rft.date=2014-11-12&rft.aulast=Chesson&rft.aufirst=Greg&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ece.ubc.ca%2F~gillies%2Fmail%2Fgreg_chesson.txt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnix" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r951705291"/></span>
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<li id="cite_note-top500osfam201706-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-top500osfam201706_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.top500.org/statistics/overtime">"Operating system Family - Systems share"</a>. Top 500 project.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Operating+system+Family+-+Systems+share&rft.pub=Top+500+project&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.top500.org%2Fstatistics%2Fovertime&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnix" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r951705291"/></span>
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<li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFRitchie,_Dennis1979" class="citation web cs1">Ritchie, Dennis (1979). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bell-labs.com/usr/dmr/www/hist.html">"The Evolution of the Unix Time-sharing System"</a>. Bell Labs. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150611114353/https://www.bell-labs.com/usr/dmr/www/hist.html">Archived</a> from the original on 11 June 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 April</span> 2016</span>. <q>Perhaps the most important watershed occurred during 1973, when the operating system kernel was rewritten in C.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Evolution+of+the+Unix+Time-sharing+System&rft.pub=Bell+Labs&rft.date=1979&rft.au=Ritchie%2C+Dennis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bell-labs.com%2Fusr%2Fdmr%2Fwww%2Fhist.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnix" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r951705291"/></span>
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<li id="cite_note-Interview_1999-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Interview_1999_25-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Interview_1999_25-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFBenet,_Manuel1999" class="citation web cs1">Benet, Manuel (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.linuxfocus.org/English/July1999/article79.html">"Interview With Dennis M. Ritchie"</a>. LinuxFocus.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180104061618/http://www.linuxfocus.org/English/July1999/article79.html">Archived</a> from the original on 4 January 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 August</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Interview+With+Dennis+M.+Ritchie&rft.pub=LinuxFocus.org&rft.date=1999&rft.au=Benet%2C+Manuel&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.linuxfocus.org%2FEnglish%2FJuly1999%2Farticle79.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnix" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r951705291"/></span>
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<li id="cite_note-autogenerated2-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated2_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFChuck_Karish1993" class="citation newsgroup cs1">Chuck Karish (October 12, 1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://groups.google.com/group/comp.std.unix/msg/c9974cf0022884f8">"The name UNIX is now the property of X/Open"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Usenet_newsgroup" title="Usenet newsgroup">Newsgroup</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="news:comp.std.unix">comp.std.unix</a>. <a href="/wiki/Usenet_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Usenet (identifier)">Usenet:</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="news:29hug3INN4qt@rodan.UU.NET">29hug3INN4qt@rodan.UU.NET</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 21,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+name+UNIX+is+now+the+property+of+X%2FOpen&rft.pub=comp.std.unix&rft.date=1993-10-12&rft_id=news%3A29hug3INN4qt%40rodan.UU.NET&rft.au=Chuck+Karish&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgroups.google.com%2Fgroup%2Fcomp.std.unix%2Fmsg%2Fc9974cf0022884f8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnix" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r951705291"/></span>
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<li id="cite_note-autogenerated1-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated1_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.novell.com/news/press/archive/1995/09/pr95220.html">"HP, Novell and SCO To Deliver High-Volume UNIX OS With Advanced Network And Enterprise Services"</a>. Novell.com. September 20, 1995. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070123203442/http://www.novell.com/news/press/archive/1995/09/pr95220.html">Archived</a> from the original on January 23, 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 9,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=HP%2C+Novell+and+SCO+To+Deliver+High-Volume+UNIX+OS+With+Advanced+Network+And+Enterprise+Services&rft.pub=Novell.com&rft.date=1995-09-20&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.novell.com%2Fnews%2Fpress%2Farchive%2F1995%2F09%2Fpr95220.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnix" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r951705291"/></span>
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<li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFJones" class="citation web cs1">Jones, Pamela. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://groklaw.net/article.php?story=20100723230825165">"SCO Files Docketing Statement and We Find Out What Its Appeal Will Be About"</a>. <i>Groklaw</i>. Groklaw.net<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 12,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Groklaw&rft.atitle=SCO+Files+Docketing+Statement+and+We+Find+Out+What+Its+Appeal+Will+Be+About&rft.aulast=Jones&rft.aufirst=Pamela&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgroklaw.net%2Farticle.php%3Fstory%3D20100723230825165&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnix" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r951705291"/></span>
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<li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFThe_Open_Group" class="citation web cs1">The Open Group. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.opengroup.org/openbrand/Brandfees.htm">"The Open Brand Fee Schedule"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111231234203/http://www.opengroup.org/openbrand/Brandfees.htm">Archived</a> from the original on December 31, 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 26,</span> 2011</span>. <q>The right to use the UNIX Trademark requires the Licensee to pay to The Open Group an additional annual fee, calculated in accordance with the fee table set out below.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Open+Brand+Fee+Schedule&rft.au=The+Open+Group&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.opengroup.org%2Fopenbrand%2FBrandfees.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnix" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r951705291"/></span>
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<li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFThe_Open_Group" class="citation web cs1">The Open Group. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.opengroup.org/openbrand/register/brand3576.htm">"AIX 6 Operating System V6.1.2 with SP1 or later certification"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160408231050/http://www.opengroup.org/openbrand/register/brand3576.htm">Archived</a> from the original on April 8, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=AIX+6+Operating+System+V6.1.2+with+SP1+or+later+certification&rft.au=The+Open+Group&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.opengroup.org%2Fopenbrand%2Fregister%2Fbrand3576.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnix" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r951705291"/></span>
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<li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFThe_Open_Group2016" class="citation web cs1">The Open Group (September 8, 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.opengroup.org/openbrand/register/brand3622.htm">"Huawei EulerOS 2.0 certification"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Huawei+EulerOS+2.0+certification&rft.date=2016-09-08&rft.au=The+Open+Group&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.opengroup.org%2Fopenbrand%2Fregister%2Fbrand3622.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnix" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r951705291"/></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFThe_Open_Group" class="citation web cs1">The Open Group. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.opengroup.org/openbrand/register/brand3543.htm">"HP-UX 11i V3 Release B.11.31 or later certification"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160408224320/http://www.opengroup.org/openbrand/register/brand3543.htm">Archived</a> from the original on April 8, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=HP-UX+11i+V3+Release+B.11.31+or+later+certification&rft.au=The+Open+Group&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.opengroup.org%2Fopenbrand%2Fregister%2Fbrand3543.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnix" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r951705291"/></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFThe_Open_Group" class="citation web cs1">The Open Group. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.opengroup.org/openbrand/register/brand3596.htm">"Inspur K-UX 2.0 certification"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140709002355/http://www.opengroup.org/openbrand/register/brand3596.htm">Archived</a> from the original on July 9, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Inspur+K-UX+2.0+certification&rft.au=The+Open+Group&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.opengroup.org%2Fopenbrand%2Fregister%2Fbrand3596.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnix" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r951705291"/></span>
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<li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFThe_Open_Group" class="citation web cs1">The Open Group. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.opengroup.org/openbrand/register/brand2686.htm">"IRIX 6.5.28 with patches (4605 and 7029) certification"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304043134/http://www.opengroup.org/openbrand/register/brand2686.htm">Archived</a> from the original on March 4, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=IRIX+6.5.28+with+patches+%284605+and+7029%29+certification&rft.au=The+Open+Group&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.opengroup.org%2Fopenbrand%2Fregister%2Fbrand2686.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnix" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r951705291"/></span>
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<li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.opengroup.org/openbrand/register/brand3627.htm">"macOS version 10.12 Sierra on Intel-based Mac computers"</a>. The Open Group. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161002105135/http://www.opengroup.org/openbrand/register/brand3627.htm">Archived</a> from the original on October 2, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=macOS+version+10.12+Sierra+on+Intel-based+Mac+computers&rft.pub=The+Open+Group&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.opengroup.org%2Fopenbrand%2Fregister%2Fbrand3627.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnix" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r951705291"/></span>
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<li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFVivian_W._Morabito" class="citation web cs1">Vivian W. Morabito. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.opengroup.org/csq/repository/norationale=1&noreferences=1&RID=ibm%252FXU1%252F6.html">"IBM Corporation Conformance Statement"</a>. The Open Group<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 21,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=IBM+Corporation+Conformance+Statement&rft.pub=The+Open+Group&rft.au=Vivian+W.+Morabito&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.opengroup.org%2Fcsq%2Frepository%2Fnorationale%3D1%26noreferences%3D1%26RID%3Dibm%25252FXU1%25252F6.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnix" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r951705291"/></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFPeng_Shen" class="citation web cs1">Peng Shen. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.opengroup.org/csq/repository/norationale=1&noreferences=1&RID=huawei%252FXY1%252F1.html">"Huawei Conformance Statement"</a>. The Open Group<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 22,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Huawei+Conformance+Statement&rft.pub=The+Open+Group&rft.au=Peng+Shen&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.opengroup.org%2Fcsq%2Frepository%2Fnorationale%3D1%26noreferences%3D1%26RID%3Dhuawei%25252FXY1%25252F1.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnix" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r951705291"/></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFPeng_Shen" class="citation web cs1">Peng Shen. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.opengroup.org/csq/repository/norationale=1&noreferences=1&RID=huawei%252FCX1%252F1.html">"Huawei Conformance Statement: Commands and Utilities V4"</a>. The Open Group<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 22,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Huawei+Conformance+Statement%3A+Commands+and+Utilities+V4&rft.pub=The+Open+Group&rft.au=Peng+Shen&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.opengroup.org%2Fcsq%2Frepository%2Fnorationale%3D1%26noreferences%3D1%26RID%3Dhuawei%25252FCX1%25252F1.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnix" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r951705291"/></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFRaymond" class="citation web cs1">Raymond, Eric S. (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catb.org/jargon/html/U/Unix.html">"Unix"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Jargon_File" class="mw-redirect" title="The Jargon File">The Jargon File</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110604153220/http://catb.org/jargon/html/U/Unix.html">Archived</a> from the original on June 4, 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 9,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Jargon+File&rft.atitle=Unix&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcatb.org%2Fjargon%2Fhtml%2FU%2FUnix.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnix" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r951705291"/></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-USDT-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-USDT_42-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFTroy1990" class="citation book cs1">Troy, Douglas (1990). <i>UNIX Systems</i>. Computing Fundamentals. Benjamin/Cumming Publishing Company. p. 4. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-201-19827-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-201-19827-0"><bdi>978-0-201-19827-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=UNIX+Systems&rft.series=Computing+Fundamentals&rft.pages=4&rft.pub=Benjamin%2FCumming+Publishing+Company&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-0-201-19827-0&rft.aulast=Troy&rft.aufirst=Douglas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnix" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r951705291"/></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bell-labs.com/usr/dmr/www/otherunix.html">"Autres Unix, autres moeurs (OtherUnix)"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Bell_Laboratories" class="mw-redirect" title="Bell Laboratories">Bell Laboratories</a></i>. April 1, 2000. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170403063714/https://www.bell-labs.com/usr/dmr/www/otherunix.html">Archived</a> from the original on April 3, 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 3,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Bell+Laboratories&rft.atitle=Autres+Unix%2C+autres+moeurs+%28OtherUnix%29&rft.date=2000-04-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bell-labs.com%2Fusr%2Fdmr%2Fwww%2Fotherunix.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnix" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r951705291"/></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cse.unl.edu/~witty/class/csce351/howto/history_of_solaris.pdf">"History of Solaris"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170318195534/http://cse.unl.edu/~witty/class/csce351/howto/history_of_solaris.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on March 18, 2017. <q>UNIX is plural. It is not one operating system but, many implementations of an idea that originated in 1965.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=History+of+Solaris&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcse.unl.edu%2F~witty%2Fclass%2Fcsce351%2Fhowto%2Fhistory_of_solaris.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnix" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r951705291"/></span>
</li>
</ol></div>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Further_reading">Further reading</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Unix&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<dl><dt>General</dt></dl>
<ul><li><cite id="CITEREFRitchieThompson1978" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Dennis_Ritchie" title="Dennis Ritchie">Ritchie, D.M.</a>; <a href="/wiki/Ken_Thompson" title="Ken Thompson">Thompson, K.</a> (July–August 1978). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101103053325/http://bstj.bell-labs.com/oldfiles/year.1978/BSTJ.1978.5706-2.html">"The UNIX Time-Sharing System"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Bell_System_Technical_Journal" class="mw-redirect" title="Bell System Technical Journal">Bell System Technical Journal</a></i>. <b>57</b> (6). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bstj.bell-labs.com/oldfiles/year.1978/BSTJ.1978.5706-2.html">the original</a> on November 3, 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bell+System+Technical+Journal&rft.atitle=The+UNIX+Time-Sharing+System&rft.volume=57&rft.issue=6&rft.date=1978-07%2F1978-08&rft.aulast=Ritchie&rft.aufirst=D.M.&rft.au=Thompson%2C+K.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbstj.bell-labs.com%2Foldfiles%2Fyear.1978%2FBSTJ.1978.5706-2.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnix" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r951705291"/></li>
<li><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.levenez.com/unix/">"UNIX History"</a>. <i>www.levenez.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 17,</span> 2005</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.levenez.com&rft.atitle=UNIX+History&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.levenez.com%2Funix%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnix" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r951705291"/></li>
<li><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.unixguide.net/">"AIX, FreeBSD, HP-UX, Linux, Solaris, Tru64"</a>. <i>UNIXguide.net</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 17,</span> 2005</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=UNIXguide.net&rft.atitle=AIX%2C+FreeBSD%2C+HP-UX%2C+Linux%2C+Solaris%2C+Tru64&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.unixguide.net%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnix" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r951705291"/></li>
<li><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lwn.net/2002/0221/bigpage.php3">"Linux Weekly News, February 21, 2002"</a>. <i>lwn.net</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 7,</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=lwn.net&rft.atitle=Linux+Weekly+News%2C+February+21%2C+2002&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flwn.net%2F2002%2F0221%2Fbigpage.php3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnix" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r951705291"/></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/John_Lions" title="John Lions">Lions, John</a>: <i>Lions' <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lemis.com/grog/Documentation/Lions/">"Commentary on the Sixth Edition UNIX Operating System"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Commentary+on+the+Sixth+Edition+UNIX+Operating+System&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lemis.com%2Fgrog%2FDocumentation%2FLions%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnix" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r951705291"/> with Source Code</i>, Peer-to-Peer Communications, 1996; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r951705291"/><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-57398-013-7" title="Special:BookSources/1-57398-013-7">1-57398-013-7</a></li></ul>
<dl><dt>Books</dt></dl>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Peter_H._Salus" title="Peter H. Salus">Salus, Peter H.</a>: <i>A Quarter Century of UNIX</i>, Addison Wesley, June 1, 1994; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r951705291"/><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-201-54777-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-201-54777-5">0-201-54777-5</a></li></ul>
<dl><dt>Television</dt></dl>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Computer_Chronicles" title="Computer Chronicles">Computer Chronicles</a> (1985). "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/UNIX1985">UNIX</a>".</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Computer_Chronicles" title="Computer Chronicles">Computer Chronicles</a> (1989). "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/unix_2">Unix</a>".</li></ul>
<dl><dt>Talks</dt></dl>
<ul><li><cite id="CITEREFKen_Thompson2019" class="citation interview cs1">Ken Thompson (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EY6q5dv_B-o">"VCF East 2019 -- Brian Kernighan interviews Ken Thompson"</a> (Interview).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=VCF+East+2019+--+Brian+Kernighan+interviews+Ken+Thompson&rft.date=2019&rft.au=Ken+Thompson&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3DEY6q5dv_B-o&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnix" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r951705291"/></li>
<li><cite id="CITEREFDr_Marshall_Kirk_McKusick2006" class="citation audio-visual cs1">Dr Marshall Kirk McKusick (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mckusick.com/history/index.html"><i>History of the Berkeley Software Distributions (three one-hour lectures)</i></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=History+of+the+Berkeley+Software+Distributions+%28three+one-hour+lectures%29&rft.date=2006&rft.au=Dr+Marshall+Kirk+McKusick&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mckusick.com%2Fhistory%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnix" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r951705291"/></li></ul>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="External_links">External links</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Unix&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<div role="navigation" aria-labelledby="sister-projects" class="metadata plainlinks sistersitebox plainlist mbox-small" style="border:1px solid #aaa; padding:0; background:#f9f9f9;"><div style="padding: 0.75em 0; text-align: center;"><b style="display:block;">Unix</b>at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects"><span id="sister-projects">sister projects</span></a></div><ul style="border-top:1px solid #aaa; padding: 0.75em 0; width:217px; margin:0 auto;"><li style="min-height: 31px;"><span style="display: inline-block; width: 31px; line-height: 31px; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/27px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" style="vertical-align: middle" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/41px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/54px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="391" data-file-height="391" /></span><span style="display: inline-block; margin-left: 4px; width: 182px; vertical-align: middle;"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Unix" class="extiw" title="wikt:Unix">Definitions</a> from Wiktionary</span>
</li><li style="min-height: 31px;"><span style="display: inline-block; width: 31px; line-height: 31px; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="27" style="vertical-align: middle" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span><span style="display: inline-block; margin-left: 4px; width: 182px; vertical-align: middle;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Unix" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Unix">Media</a> from Wikimedia Commons</span>
</li><li style="min-height: 31px;"><span style="display: inline-block; width: 31px; line-height: 31px; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/23px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="27" style="vertical-align: middle" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/35px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/46px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></span><span style="display: inline-block; margin-left: 4px; width: 182px; vertical-align: middle;"><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Unix" class="extiw" title="q:Unix">Quotations</a> from Wikiquote</span>
</li><li style="min-height: 31px;"><span style="display: inline-block; width: 31px; line-height: 31px; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/27px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" style="vertical-align: middle" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/41px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/54px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span><span style="display: inline-block; margin-left: 4px; width: 182px; vertical-align: middle;"><a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Guide_to_Unix" class="extiw" title="b:Guide to Unix">Textbooks</a> from Wikibooks</span>
</li><li style="min-height: 31px;"><span style="display: inline-block; width: 31px; line-height: 31px; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/27px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="15" style="vertical-align: middle" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/41px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/54px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1050" data-file-height="590" /></span><span style="display: inline-block; margin-left: 4px; width: 182px; vertical-align: middle;"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11368" class="extiw" title="d:Q11368">Data</a> from Wikidata</span>
</li></ul>
</div>
<ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.opengroup.org/membership/forums/platform/unix">The UNIX Standard</a>, at <a href="/wiki/The_Open_Group" title="The Open Group">The Open Group</a>.</li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tc4ROCJYbm0"><span class="plainlinks">AT&T Archives: The UNIX Operating System</span></a> on <a href="/wiki/YouTube" title="YouTube">YouTube</a></li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150408054606/http://cm.bell-labs.com/cm/cs/who/dmr/hist.html">The Evolution of the Unix Time-sharing System</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (archived April 8, 2015)</li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140402192351/http://www.bell-labs.com/history/unix/">The Creation of the UNIX Operating System</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (archived April 2, 2014)</li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://minnie.tuhs.org/UnixTree/">The Unix Tree: files from historic releases</a></li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://curlie.org/Computers/Software/Operating_Systems/Unix/">Unix</a> at <a href="/wiki/Curlie" class="mw-redirect" title="Curlie">Curlie</a></li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://man.cat-v.org/unix-1st/">The Unix 1st Edition Manuals</a>.</li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://techchannel.att.com/play-video.cfm/2012/2/22/AT&T-Archives-The-UNIX-System">1982 film about Unix featuring Dennis Ritchie, Ken Thompson, Brian Kernighan, Alfred Aho, and more</a></li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bsdtalk170">audio bsdtalk170 - Marshall Kirk McKusick at DCBSDCon -- on history of tcp/ip (in BSD) -- abridgement of the three lectures on the history of BSD.</a></li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.darwinsys.com/history/hist.html">A History of UNIX before Berkeley: UNIX Evolution: 1975-1984</a></li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/byte-magazine-1986-09/1986_09_BYTE_11-09_The_68000_Family#page/n171/mode/2up">BYTE Magazine, September 1986: UNIX and the MC68000</a> –  a software perspective on the MC68000 CPU architecture and UNIX compatibility</li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://livingcomputers.org/Computer-Collection/Online-Systems/Request-A-Login.aspx">Request a login</a> to try some Unix systems on vintage hardware at <a href="/wiki/Living_Computers:_Museum_%2B_Labs" title="Living Computers: Museum + Labs">Living Computers: Museum + Labs</a>.</li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://github.com/dspinellis/unix-history-repo">A public GitHub repository that collects the history of UNIX</a>, reference: an <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ecsa2020.disim.univaq.it/info/keynotes">ECSA 2020 keynote</a> by Diomidis Spinellis</li></ul>
<div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Unix_and_Unix-like_operating_systems_and_compatibility_layers" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible expanded navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div class="plainlinks hlist navbar mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Unix" title="Template:Unix"><abbr title="View this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none; padding:0;">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Unix" title="Template talk:Unix"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none; padding:0;">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Unix&action=edit"><abbr title="Edit this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none; padding:0;">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Unix_and_Unix-like_operating_systems_and_compatibility_layers" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Unix</a> and <a href="/wiki/Unix-like" title="Unix-like">Unix-like</a> <a href="/wiki/Operating_system" title="Operating system">operating systems</a> and <a href="/wiki/Compatibility_layer" title="Compatibility layer">compatibility layers</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Operating systems</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Berkeley_Software_Distribution" title="Berkeley Software Distribution">BSD</a></b></i>
<ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/386BSD" title="386BSD">386BSD</a></i>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/FreeBSD" title="FreeBSD">FreeBSD</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/NetBSD" title="NetBSD">NetBSD</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/OpenBSD" title="OpenBSD">OpenBSD</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/DragonFly_BSD" title="DragonFly BSD">DragonFly BSD</a></li></ul></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/NeXTSTEP" title="NeXTSTEP">NeXTSTEP</a></i></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Darwin_(operating_system)" title="Darwin (operating system)">Darwin</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/MacOS" title="MacOS">macOS</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/IOS" title="IOS">iOS</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/WatchOS" title="WatchOS">watchOS</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/TvOS" title="TvOS">tvOS</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/AudioOS" class="mw-redirect" title="AudioOS">audioOS</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/IPadOS" title="IPadOS">iPadOS</a></li></ul></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/SunOS" title="SunOS">SunOS</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Ultrix" title="Ultrix">Ultrix</a></i></li></ul></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Coherent_(operating_system)" title="Coherent (operating system)">Coherent</a></i></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/GNU" title="GNU">GNU</a></li>
<li><b><a href="/wiki/Linux" title="Linux">Linux</a></b>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Android_(operating_system)" title="Android (operating system)">Android</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Chrome_OS" title="Chrome OS">Chrome OS</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/LynxOS" title="LynxOS">LynxOS</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/MINIX" title="MINIX">MINIX</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/QNX" title="QNX">QNX</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/BlackBerry_10" title="BlackBerry 10">BlackBerry 10</a></li></ul></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Research_Unix" title="Research Unix">Research Unix</a></i></li>
<li><i><b><a href="/wiki/UNIX_System_V" title="UNIX System V">System V</a></b></i>
<ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/A/UX" title="A/UX">A/UX</a></i></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/IBM_AIX" title="IBM AIX">AIX</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/HP-UX" title="HP-UX">HP-UX</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Illumos" title="Illumos">illumos</a></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/IRIX" title="IRIX">IRIX</a></i></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/OpenServer" title="OpenServer">OpenServer</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Solaris_(operating_system)" title="Solaris (operating system)">Solaris</a></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Tru64_UNIX" title="Tru64 UNIX">Tru64 UNIX</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/UnixWare" title="UnixWare">UnixWare</a></i></li></ul></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Xenix" title="Xenix">Xenix</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/List_of_Unix_systems" title="List of Unix systems">more...</a></i></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Compatibility layers</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Eunice_(software)" title="Eunice (software)">Eunice</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Interix" title="Interix">Interix</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/MachTen" title="MachTen">MachTen</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_POSIX_subsystem" title="Microsoft POSIX subsystem">Microsoft POSIX subsystem</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/MKS_Toolkit" title="MKS Toolkit">MKS Toolkit</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/P.I.P.S." title="P.I.P.S.">P.I.P.S.</a></i></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/UNIX_System_Services" title="UNIX System Services">UNIX System Services</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/UserLAnd_Technologies" title="UserLAnd Technologies">UserLAnd Technologies</a></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Windows_Services_for_UNIX" title="Windows Services for UNIX">Windows Services for UNIX</a></i></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Subsystem_for_Linux" title="Windows Subsystem for Linux">Windows Subsystem for Linux</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>
<ul><li><i>Italics</i> indicate discontinued branches. <img alt="Category" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/48/Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg/16px-Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg.png" decoding="async" title="Category" width="16" height="14" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/48/Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg/24px-Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/48/Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg/32px-Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="36" data-file-height="31" /> <b><a href="/wiki/Category:Unix" title="Category:Unix">Category</a></b></li>
<li><img alt="Commons page" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" title="Commons page" width="12" height="16" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /> <b><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Unix" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Unix">Commons</a></b></li>
<li><img alt="Wikipedia book" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Symbol_book_class2.svg/16px-Symbol_book_class2.svg.png" decoding="async" title="Wikipedia book" width="16" height="16" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Symbol_book_class2.svg/23px-Symbol_book_class2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Symbol_book_class2.svg/31px-Symbol_book_class2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <b><a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Unix" class="extiw" title="b:Unix">Book</a></b></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>
<div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Unix_command-line_interface_programs_and_shell_builtins" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div class="plainlinks hlist navbar mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Unix_commands" title="Template:Unix commands"><abbr title="View this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none; padding:0;">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Unix_commands" title="Template talk:Unix commands"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none; padding:0;">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Unix_commands&action=edit"><abbr title="Edit this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none; padding:0;">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Unix_command-line_interface_programs_and_shell_builtins" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Unix</a> <a href="/wiki/Command-line_interface" title="Command-line interface">command-line interface</a> programs and <a href="/wiki/Shell_builtin" title="Shell builtin">shell builtins</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">File system</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cat_(Unix)" title="Cat (Unix)">cat</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Chmod" title="Chmod">chmod</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Chown" title="Chown">chown</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Chgrp" title="Chgrp">chgrp</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Cksum" title="Cksum">cksum</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Cmp_(Unix)" title="Cmp (Unix)">cmp</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Cp_(Unix)" title="Cp (Unix)">cp</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Dd_(Unix)" title="Dd (Unix)">dd</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Du_(Unix)" title="Du (Unix)">du</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Df_(Unix)" title="Df (Unix)">df</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/File_(command)" title="File (command)">file</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Fuser_(Unix)" title="Fuser (Unix)">fuser</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ln_(Unix)" title="Ln (Unix)">ln</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ls" title="Ls">ls</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Mkdir" title="Mkdir">mkdir</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Mv" title="Mv">mv</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Pax_(command)" title="Pax (command)">pax</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Pwd" title="Pwd">pwd</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Rm_(Unix)" title="Rm (Unix)">rm</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Rmdir" title="Rmdir">rmdir</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Split_(Unix)" title="Split (Unix)">split</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Tee_(command)" title="Tee (command)">tee</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Touch_(command)" title="Touch (command)">touch</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Type_(Unix)" title="Type (Unix)">type</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Umask" title="Umask">umask</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Processes</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/At_(command)" title="At (command)">at</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Job_control_(Unix)#Commands" title="Job control (Unix)">bg</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Cron" title="Cron">crontab</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Job_control_(Unix)#Commands" title="Job control (Unix)">fg</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Kill_(command)" title="Kill (command)">kill</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Nice_(Unix)" title="Nice (Unix)">nice</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ps_(Unix)" title="Ps (Unix)">ps</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Time_(Unix)" title="Time (Unix)">time</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">User environment</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Env" title="Env">env</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Exit_(command)" title="Exit (command)">exit</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Logname" title="Logname">logname</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Mesg" title="Mesg">mesg</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Talk_(software)" title="Talk (software)">talk</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Tput" title="Tput">tput</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Uname" title="Uname">uname</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Who_(Unix)" title="Who (Unix)">who</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Write_(Unix)" title="Write (Unix)">write</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Text processing</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/AWK" title="AWK">awk</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Basename" title="Basename">basename</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Comm" title="Comm">comm</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Csplit" title="Csplit">csplit</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Cut_(Unix)" title="Cut (Unix)">cut</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Diff" title="Diff">diff</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Dirname" title="Dirname">dirname</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ed_(text_editor)" title="Ed (text editor)">ed</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ex_(text_editor)" title="Ex (text editor)">ex</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Fold_(Unix)" title="Fold (Unix)">fold</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Head_(Unix)" title="Head (Unix)">head</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Iconv" title="Iconv">iconv</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Join_(Unix)" title="Join (Unix)">join</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/M4_(computer_language)" title="M4 (computer language)">m4</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/More_(command)" title="More (command)">more</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Nl_(Unix)" title="Nl (Unix)">nl</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Paste_(Unix)" title="Paste (Unix)">paste</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Patch_(Unix)" title="Patch (Unix)">patch</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Printf_(Unix)" title="Printf (Unix)">printf</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Sed" title="Sed">sed</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Sort_(Unix)" title="Sort (Unix)">sort</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Strings_(Unix)" title="Strings (Unix)">strings</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Tail_(Unix)" title="Tail (Unix)">tail</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Tr_(Unix)" title="Tr (Unix)">tr</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Uniq" title="Uniq">uniq</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Vi" title="Vi">vi</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Wc_(Unix)" title="Wc (Unix)">wc</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Xargs" title="Xargs">xargs</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Shell_builtin" title="Shell builtin">Shell builtins</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alias_(command)" title="Alias (command)">alias</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Cd_(command)" title="Cd (command)">cd</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Echo_(command)" title="Echo (command)">echo</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Test_(Unix)" title="Test (Unix)">test</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Environment_variable#unset_command" title="Environment variable">unset</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Wait_(command)" title="Wait (command)">wait</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Searching</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Find_(Unix)" title="Find (Unix)">find</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Grep" title="Grep">grep</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Documentation</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Man_page" title="Man page">man</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Software_development" title="Software development">Software development</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ar_(Unix)" title="Ar (Unix)">ar</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ctags" title="Ctags">ctags</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Lex_(software)" title="Lex (software)">lex</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Make_(software)" title="Make (software)">make</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Nm_(Unix)" title="Nm (Unix)">nm</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Strip_(Unix)" title="Strip (Unix)">strip</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Yacc" title="Yacc">yacc</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Miscellaneous</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bc_(programming_language)" title="Bc (programming language)">bc</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Cal_(Unix)" title="Cal (Unix)">cal</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Expr" title="Expr">expr</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/System_V_printing_system" title="System V printing system">lp</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Od_(Unix)" title="Od (Unix)">od</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Sleep_(command)" title="Sleep (command)">sleep</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/True_and_false_(commands)" title="True and false (commands)">true and false</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div>
<ul><li><img alt="Category" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/48/Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg/16px-Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg.png" decoding="async" title="Category" width="16" height="14" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/48/Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg/24px-Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/48/Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg/32px-Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="36" data-file-height="31" /> <b>Categories</b>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Standard_Unix_programs" title="Category:Standard Unix programs">Standard Unix programs</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Category:Unix_SUS2008_utilities" title="Category:Unix SUS2008 utilities">Unix SUS2008 utilities</a></li></ul></li>
<li><img alt="List-Class article" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/16px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png" decoding="async" title="List-Class article" width="16" height="16" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/23px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/31px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <b><a href="/wiki/List_of_Unix_commands" title="List of Unix commands">List</a></b></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>
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<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Operating_system_advocacy" title="Operating system advocacy">Advocacy</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_operating_systems" title="Comparison of operating systems">Comparison</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Forensic_software_engineering" title="Forensic software engineering">Forensic engineering</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/History_of_operating_systems" title="History of operating systems">History</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Hobbyist_operating_system_development" title="Hobbyist operating system development">Hobbyist development</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_operating_systems" title="List of operating systems">List</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_operating_systems" title="Timeline of operating systems">Timeline</a></li>
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<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Exokernel" title="Exokernel">Exokernel</a></li>
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<li><a href="/wiki/Monolithic_kernel" title="Monolithic kernel">Monolithic</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Vkernel" title="Vkernel">vkernel</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Rump_kernel" title="Rump kernel">Rump kernel</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Unikernel" title="Unikernel">Unikernel</a></li></ul>
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<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Device_driver" title="Device driver">Device driver</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Loadable_kernel_module" title="Loadable kernel module">Loadable kernel module</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Microkernel" title="Microkernel">Microkernel</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/User_space" title="User space">User space</a></li></ul>
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<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Context_switch" title="Context switch">Context switch</a></li>
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<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Computer_multitasking" title="Computer multitasking">Computer multitasking</a></li>
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<li><a href="/wiki/Multilevel_feedback_queue" title="Multilevel feedback queue">Multilevel feedback queue</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Preemption_(computing)" title="Preemption (computing)">Preemptive</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Round-robin_scheduling" title="Round-robin scheduling">Round-robin</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Shortest_job_next" title="Shortest job next">Shortest job next</a></li></ul>
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<li><a href="/wiki/Paging" title="Paging">Paging</a></li>
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<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Booting#BOOT-LOADER" title="Booting">Boot loader</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Defragmentation" title="Defragmentation">Defragmentation</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Device_file" title="Device file">Device file</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/File_attribute" title="File attribute">File attribute</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Inode" title="Inode">Inode</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Journaling_file_system" title="Journaling file system">Journal</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Disk_partitioning" title="Disk partitioning">Partition</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Virtual_file_system" title="Virtual file system">Virtual file system</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Virtual_tape_library" title="Virtual tape library">Virtual tape library</a></li></ul>
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<li><a href="/wiki/Computer_network" title="Computer network">Computer network</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Hardware_abstraction" title="Hardware abstraction">HAL</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Live_CD" title="Live CD">Live CD</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Live_USB" title="Live USB">Live USB</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Shell_(computing)" title="Shell (computing)">OS shell</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Command-line_interface" title="Command-line interface">CLI</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Graphical_user_interface" title="Graphical user interface">GUI</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Graphical_user_interface#Three-dimensional_graphical_user_interfaces_(3D_GUIs)" title="Graphical user interface">3D GUI</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Natural_user_interface" title="Natural user interface">NUI</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Text-based_user_interface" title="Text-based user interface">TUI</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Voice_user_interface" title="Voice user interface">VUI</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Zooming_user_interface" title="Zooming user interface">ZUI</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Preboot_Execution_Environment" title="Preboot Execution Environment">PXE</a></li></ul>
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<ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/BNF_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="BNF (identifier)">BNF</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11968227m">cb11968227m</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11968227m">(data)</a></span></span></li>
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<ul class="vector-menu-content-list"><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unix" title="Unix – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/UNIX" title="UNIX – Alemannisch" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" class="interlanguage-link-target">Alemannisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%86%D9%83%D8%B3" title="يونكس – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unix" title="Unix – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unix" title="Unix – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unix" title="Unix – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%89%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B8" title="ইউনিক্স – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unix" title="Unix – Chinese (Min Nan)" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unix" title="Unix – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/UNIX" title="UNIX – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unix" title="Unix – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unix" title="Unix – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Boarisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/UNIX" title="UNIX – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unix" title="Unix – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unix" title="Unix – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/UNIX" title="UNIX – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" class="interlanguage-link-target">Чӑвашла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unix" title="Unix – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unix" title="Unix – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/UNIX" title="UNIX – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unix" title="Unix – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/UNIX" title="UNIX – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unix" title="Unix – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unix" title="Unix – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unikso" title="Unikso – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unix" title="Unix – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%8C%D9%88%D9%86%DB%8C%DA%A9%D8%B3" title="یونیکس – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/UNIX" title="UNIX – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" class="interlanguage-link-target">Fiji Hindi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unix" title="Unix – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/UNIX" title="UNIX – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/UNIX" title="UNIX – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9C%A0%EB%8B%89%EC%8A%A4" title="유닉스 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%85%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6%D5%AB%D6%84%D5%BD" title="Յունիքս – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8" title="यूनिक्स – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/UNIX" title="UNIX – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/UNIX" title="UNIX – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ilokano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unix" title="Unix – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/UNIX" title="UNIX – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/UNIX" title="UNIX – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ирон</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unix" title="Unix – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unix" title="Unix – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unix" title="Unix – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%AF%E0%B3%81%E0%B2%A8%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%95%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%8D" title="ಯುನಿಕ್ಸ್ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/UNIX" title="UNIX – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/UNIX" title="UNIX – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/UNIX" title="UNIX – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unix" title="Unix – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unix" title="Unix – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unix" title="Unix – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/UNIX" title="UNIX – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/UNIX" title="UNIX – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unix" title="Unix – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ligure</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unix" title="Unix – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingua Franca Nova</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jbo"><a href="https://jbo.wikipedia.org/wiki/lo_.uniks." title="lo .uniks. – Lojban" lang="jbo" hreflang="jbo" class="interlanguage-link-target">La .lojban.</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unix" title="Unix – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%D1%81" title="Уникс – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/UNIX" title="UNIX – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%A3%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D" title="യുണിക്സ് – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8" title="युनिक्स – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/UNIX" title="UNIX – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unix" title="Unix – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" class="interlanguage-link-target">Minangkabau</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unix" title="Unix – Min Dong Chinese" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unix" title="Unix – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%9A%E1%80%B0%E1%80%B8%E1%80%94%E1%80%85%E1%80%BA%E1%80%85%E1%80%BA" title="ယူးနစ်စ် – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unix" title="Unix – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D" title="युनिक्स् – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाल भाषा</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/UNIX" title="UNIX – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unix" title="Unix – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unix" title="Unix – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unix" title="Unix – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/UNIX" title="UNIX – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha/ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unix" title="Unix – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" class="interlanguage-link-target">Plattdüütsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unix" title="Unix – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unix" title="Unix – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unix" title="Unix – Kara-Kalpak" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" class="interlanguage-link-target">Qaraqalpaqsha</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/UNIX" title="UNIX – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unix" title="Unix – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unix" title="Unix – Sakha" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" class="interlanguage-link-target">Саха тыла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/UNIX" title="UNIX – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sardu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unix" title="Unix – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/UNIX" title="UNIX – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%BA%E0%B7%94%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%8A%E0%B7%83%E0%B7%8A" title="යුනික්ස් – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" class="interlanguage-link-target">සිංහල</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/UNIX" title="UNIX – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unix" title="Unix – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unix" title="Unix – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%8C%D9%88%D9%88%D9%86%DB%8C%DA%A9%D8%B3" title="یوونیکس – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%88%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%D1%81" title="Јуникс – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unix" title="Unix – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unix" title="Unix – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unix" title="Unix – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unix" title="Unix – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AF%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%81" title="யுனிக்சு – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unix" title="Unix – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча/tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%AF%E0%B1%81%E0%B0%A8%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%95%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B8%E0%B1%8D" title="యునిక్స్ – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" class="interlanguage-link-target">తెలుగు</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B9%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%8B%E0%B9%8C" title="ยูนิกซ์ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unix" title="Unix – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/UNIX" title="UNIX – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%8C%D9%88%D9%86%DA%A9%D8%B3" title="یونکس – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unix" title="Unix – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unix" title="Unix – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" class="interlanguage-link-target">Võro</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unix" title="Unix – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/UNIX" title="UNIX – Wu Chinese" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%99%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%A7%D7%A1" title="יוניקס – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ייִדיש</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/UNIX" title="UNIX – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/UNIX" title="UNIX – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" class="interlanguage-link-target">Žemaitėška</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/UNIX" title="UNIX – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li></ul>
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